European Governance in Adult Education

On the comparative advantage of joining working groups and networks

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.3384/rela.2000-7426.ojs844

Keywords:

Adult education, European governance, policy coordination, social network analysis

Abstract

This article examines the working of complex intergovernmental policies that have brought about new opportunities and structures in European adult education since the 2008 global financial crisis. Drawing on political sociology, it restricts attention on the Renewed European Agenda for Adult Learning (2011), to examine its historical development, and how it bundles together various governance mechanisms, policy instruments, and social actors to govern the adult education policy domain through policy coordination. This points at regulatory politics as a distinctive quality of European governance in adult education. Then, through Social Network Analysis, it explores in depth one of its policy instrument (i.e., coordinated working groups/networks) and the form of network governance it creates. This analysis pinpoints at the comparative advantage of some organizations (i.e., the ministries of Latvia, Finland and Belgium), which partake in this form of network governance. This produces unpredictable contingency in EU policy coordination.

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

Author Biographies

Marcella Milana, University of Verona

Marcella Milana is Associate Professor in Education at the University of Verona, Italy. She specialises in and researches adult education policy from international, comparative and global perspectives, and has been writing about the politics of adult education in a globalized world, the conditioning effects of inter-states and international organizations on national policy and local practices, among other subjects.

Luigi Tronca, University of Verona

Dr Luigi Troncais Associate Professor in Sociology at the University of Verona, Italy. His theoretical and empirical research are devoted to the study of social capital, consumption, the third sector, and governance models. He is an expert of social network analysis, and a member of the editorial board of Sociologia e politiche sociali(Franco Angeli) and Italian Sociological Review(University of Verona).

Gosia Klatt, University of Melbourne

Dr Gosia Klatt is a Senior Lecturer at the Centre for Vocational and Educational Policy at the Melbourne Graduate School of Education (MGSE) at the University of Melbourne. She has political science background but her current academic and practical interest lie in the field of education policy, education systems, vocational education, transitions from school, post-communist transitions, Europeanization and intergovernmental relations in Australia and Europe.

References

Armstrong, K. A. (2010). Governing social inclusion: Europeanization through policy coordination. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199278374.001.0001

Bache, I., & Flinders, M. V. (2004). Multi-level governance. Oxford: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/0199259259.001.0001

Barton, D. N., Ring, I., & Rusch, G. M. (2017). Policy Mixes: Aligning instruments for biodiversity conservation and ecosystem service provision. Environmental Policy and Governance, 27(5), 397-403. https://doi.org/10.1002/eet.1779

Borgatti, S.P. (2002). NetDraw: Graph Visualization Software. Harvard, MA: Analytic Technologies.

Borgatti, S.P., Everett, M.G., & Freeman, L.C. (2002). Ucinet 6 for Windows: Software for Social Network Analysis. Harvard, MA: Analytic Technologies.

Bressers, H., & Klok, P.-J. (1988). Fundamentals for a theory of policy instruments. International Journal of Social Economics 15(3-4), 22-42. https://doi.org/10.1108/eb014101

Bruijn, H., & Hufen, E. (1998). A contextual approach to policy instruments. In B. G. Peters & F. K. M. v. Nispen (Eds.), Public policy instruments: evaluating the tools of public administration (pp. 69-84). Cheltenham, UK ; Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing..

Chatzopoulou, S. (2015). Unpacking the Mechanisms of the EU ‘Throughput’ Governance Legitimacy: The Case of EFSA. European Politics and Society 16(2), 159-77. https://doi.org/10.1080/23745118.2014.974312.

Commission of the European Communities (2001). European Governance: a White Paper. Brussels European Commission.

Considine, M. (2012). Thinking outside the box? Applying design theory to public policy. Politics & Policy(4), 704-724. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2012.00372.x

Council of the European Union (2008). Council conclusions of 22 May 2008 on adult learning. Official Journal of the European Union, C 140, 6.6.2008, pp. 10-13. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52008XG0606(02)&qid=1507035783367&from=EN

Council of the European Union (2011). Council Resolution on a renewed European agenda for adult learning 2011/C 372/01. Retrieved from: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32011G1220(01)&from=IT

Dale, R. (1999). Specifying globalization effects on national policy: a focus on the mechanisms. Journal of Education Policy, 14(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/026809399286468

Daugbjerg, C., & Swinbank, A. (2016). Three Decades of Policy Layering and Politically Sustainable Reform in the European Unions Agricultural Policy. Governance, 29(2), 265-280. https://doi.org/10.1111/gove.12171

Del Rio, P., & Howlett, M. (2013). Beyond the “Tinbergen Rule” in Policy Design: Matching Tools and Goals in Policy Portfolios. Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy Working Paper Series. Retrieved 20 March 2018, from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2247238 https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2247238

Dill, D. D. (2000). Designing academic audit: Lessons learned in Europe and Asia. Quality in Higher Education, 6(3), 187-207. https://doi.org/10.1080/13538320020005945

Dill, D. D., & Beerkens, M. (2010). Public policy for academic quality: analyses of innovative policy instruments. Dordrecht, London: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3754-1

Erkkilä, T. (2016). Global Governance Indices as Policy Instruments: Actionability, Transparency and Comparative Policy Analysis. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice 18(4), 382-402. https://doi.org/10.1080/13876988.2015.1023052

European Commission (2006). Communication from the Commission - Adult learning: It is never too late to learn. COM(2006) 0614 final. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52006DC0614&from=EN

European Commission (2007). Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions - Action Plan on Adult learning - It is always a good time to learn. COM(2007) 558 final. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52007DC0558&from=EN

European Commission (2018). Register of Commission Expert Groups and Other Similar Entities. Accessed 20 March 2018. http://ec.europa.eu/transparency/regexpert/index.cfm

European Parliament (2008). European Parliament resolution of 16 January 2008 on adult learning: it is never too late to learn (2007/2114(INI)). http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+TA+P6-TA-2008-0013+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN&language=EN

Eurydice. (2019). Turkey - Adult Education and Training. Retrieved 31 October 2019, from: https://eacea.ec.europa.eu/national-policies/eurydice/content/adult-education-and-training-101_en

Freeman, L.C. (1979). Centrality in Social Networks: Conceptual Clarification. Social Networks, 1(3), 215-239. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8733(78)90021-7

Graziano, P., & Vink, M. P. (2006). Europeanization. New research agendas. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Hafner-Burton, E. M., & Montgomery, A. H. (2010). Centrality in Politics: How Networks Confer Power. Political Networks Conference 2010. Southern Illinois University. Retrieved 22 June 2018, from http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/pnconfs_2010/9. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1594386

Hanneman, R. A., & Riddle, M. (2005). Introduction to Social Network Methods. Riverside, CA: University of California. Retrieved 22 June 2018, from http://faculty.ucr.edu/~hanneman/

Hooghe, L., & Marks, G. (2001). Multi-level governance and European integration. Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield.

Howlett, M., & Rayner, J. (2007). Design Principles for Policy Mixes: Cohesion and Coherence in ‘New Governance Arrangements’. Policy and Society, 26, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1449-4035(07)70118-2

John, P. (2011). Making Policy Work. Florence, United States: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203830789

Jones, C., Hesterly, W.S., & Borgatti, S.P. (1997). A General Theory of Network Governance: Exchange Conditions and Social Mechanisms. The Academy of Management Review, 22(4), 911-945. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1997.9711022109

Jordan, A., Rüdiger K. W. Wurzel, & Zito, A. (2005). The Rise of ‘New’ Policy Instruments in Comparative Perspective: Has Governance Eclipsed Government? Political Studies 53(3), 477-96. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.2005.00540.x.

Kassim, H., & Le Galès, P. (2010). Exploring Governance in a Multi-Level Polity: A Policy Instruments Approach. West European Politics, 33(1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402380903354031

Kohler-Koch, B., & Rittberger, B. (2006). Review Article: The ‘Governance Turn’ in EU Studies. Journal of Common Market Studies, 44(1), 27-49. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5965.2006.00642.x

Lanzalaco, L. (2011). Bringing the Olympic Rationality Back In? Coherence, Integration and Effectiveness of Public Policies. World Political Science, 7(1), Online. https://doi.org/10.2202/1935-6226.1098

Lascoumes, P., & Le Galès, P. (2007). Introduction: Understanding Public Policy through Its Instruments - From the Nature of Instruments to the Sociology of Public Policy Instrumentation. Governance 20(1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0491.2007.00342.x

Lawn, M. (2011). Standardizing the European Education Policy Space. European Educational Research Journal, 10(2), 259-272. https://doi.org/10.2304/eerj.2011.10.2.259

Lawn, M., & Grek, S. (2012). Europeanizing education: governing a new policy space. Oxford: Symposium Books. https://doi.org/10.15730/books.78

Linder, S. H., & Peters, B. (1998). The study of policy instruments: four schools of thought. In B. G.

Peters, & F. K. M. van Nispen (Eds.), Public policy instruments: evaluating the tools of public administration (pp. 33-45). Cheltenham, UK; Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing.

Maggetti M. (2014). The Politics of Network Governance in Europe: The Case of Energy Regulation, West European Politics, 37(3), 497-514, https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2013.814966

Maggetti, M., & Gilardi F. (2011). The Policy-making Structure of European Regulatory Networks and the Domestic Adoption of Standards, Journal of European Public Policy, 18(6), 830-47. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2011.593311

Mandell, S. (2008). Optimal mix of emissions taxes and cap-and-trade. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 56(2), 131-140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2007.12.004

Martens, K., & Jakobi, A. P. (2010). Mechanisms of OECD governance: international incentives for national policy-making? Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Mayntz, R. (1999). La teoria della governance: sfide e prospettive. Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica, XXIX(1), 3-21. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0048840200026472

Milana, M., & Holford, J. (Eds.). (2014). Adult education policy and the European Union: theoretical and methodological perspectives. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789462095489

Milana M., & Klatt G. (2019) Governing Adult Education Policy Development in Europe. In S. McGrath, M. Mulder, J. Papier, R. Suart (Eds.), Handbook of Vocational Education and Training (pp. 789-812). Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789462095489

Milana M., Klatt G., & Vatrella, S. (Eds.) (forthcoming). Europe’s Lifelong Learning Markets, Governance and Policy. Using an Instruments Approach. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

Milana, M., & Rasmussen, P. (2018). Negotiation and Officialisation: how commissions and task forces contribute to adult education policy in Italy and Denmark. RELA -The European Journal for Research on the Education and Learning of Adults, 9(2), 211-227. https://doi.org/10.3384/rela.2000-7426.rela245

Ozga, J., Dahler-Larsen, P., Segerholm, C., & Simola, H. (Eds.). (2011). Fabricating Quality in Education – data and governance in Europe. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203830741

Ravinet, P. (2008). From Voluntary Participation to Monitored Coordination: Why European Countries Feel Increasingly Bound by Their Commitment to the Bologna Process. European Journal of Education 43(3), 353-67. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-3435.2008.00359.x

Rhodes, R.A.W. (1996). The New Governance: Governing without Government. Political Studies, XLIV (4), 652-667. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.1996.tb01747.x

Rhodes, R.A.W. (1997). Understanding Governance. Policy Networks, Governance, Reflexivity and Accountability. Buckingham: Open University Press.

Rhodes, R.A.W. (2000). Governance and Public Administration. In J. Pierre (Ed.), Debating Governance (pp. 54-90). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Risse, T. (2004). Social Constructivism and European Integration. In A. Wiener & T. Diez (Eds.), European Integration Theory (pp. 144-162). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Sabel, C.F., & Zeitlin, J. (2010). Experimentalist governance in the European union: towards a new architecture. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Thelen, K. (2004). How Institutions Evolve: The Political Economy of Skills in Germany, Britain, the United States, and Japan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511790997

Tholoniat, L. (2010). The Career of the Open Method of Coordination: Lessons from a ‘Soft’ EU Instrument. West European Politics 33(1): 93-117. https://doi.org/10.1080/01402380903354122.

van der Heijden, J. (2011). Institutional Layering: A Review of the Use of the Concept. Politics, 31(1), 9-18. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9256.2010.01397.x

Walters, W., & Haahr, J. H. (2005). Governing Europe : discourse, governmentality and European integration. New York: Routledge.

Wasserman, S., & Faust, K. (1994). Social Network Analysis. Methods and Applications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511815478

Woodward, R. (2009). The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development: Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge.

Zito, A.R. (2015). Multi-Level Governance, EU Public Policy and the Evasive Dependent Variable, in Edoardo Ongaro (ed.) Multi-level governance: the missing linkages (pp.15-39). Bingley, England: Emerald. https://doi.org/10.1108/S2045-794420150000004002

Downloads

Published

2019-11-14

How to Cite

Milana, M., Tronca, L., & Klatt, G. (2019). European Governance in Adult Education: On the comparative advantage of joining working groups and networks. European Journal for Research on the Education and Learning of Adults, 11(2), 235–261. https://doi.org/10.3384/rela.2000-7426.ojs844

Issue

Section

Open Paper