While during ‘old’ or ‘closed’ regionalism, lasting approximately from 1950 to 1980, several regional integration projects practised a common industrial policy, in the period of ‘new’ or ‘open’ regionalism, starting in the late 1980s, market failure correcting horizontal industrial policy started to largely replace selective industrial policy, and many regional integration projects did not officially practise industrial policy at all. Only in the 21st century did industrial policy debates broaden again, and different actors brought industrial policy back on the agenda in Latin American, Eurasian and European regionalism.
My PhD project contributes to the research field of comparative regionalism, by analysing the industrial policy of four contemporary regional integration projects – the ‘Common Market of the South’ (MERCOSUR), the ‘Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America – Peoples' Trade Treaty’ (ALBA-TCP), the ‘Eurasian Economic Union’ (EAEU) and the ‘European Union’ (EU) – in their specific historical and politico-economic contexts and by subsequently comparing (i) the programmes, (ii) the implementation results, (iii) the driving actors and institutional arrangements, (iv) the variegated effects caused within the respective integration projects, and (v) by outlining the specific challenges of (semi-)peripheral integration projects. The main body of the introduction concludes with a theoretical and methodological reflection.
The four papers comprising the paper-based dissertation draw on and partly combine different theoretical perspectives – regional (economic) integration theories, regulation school, neo-Gramscian and materialist state theory, and theories on uneven development and dependency – to shed light on how (intergovernmental or supranational) industrial policy sought to influence the complex dynamics of uneven and dependent development and who were the supporting and inhibiting actors in these processes.
In the conclusion to the introduction, I discuss whether the presented evidence indicates that we have witnessed a shift from trade-centred to development-centred regionalism, formulate some general and region-specific recommendations for joint industrial policy design and implementation, and identify persisting gaps for a future research agenda.