@article{SadeghiBahmani2016Origi-36012,
  year={2016},
  doi={10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01221},
  title={The Origins of Mental Toughness : Prosocial Behavior and Low Internalizing and Externalizing Problems at Age 5 Predict Higher Mental Toughness Scores at Age 14},
  volume={7},
  journal={Frontiers in Psychology},
  author={Sadeghi Bahmani, Dena and Hatzinger, Martin and Gerber, Markus and Lemola, Sakari and Clough, Peter J. and Perren, Sonja and von Klitzing, Kay and von Wyl, Agnes and Holsboer-Trachsler, Edith and Brand, Serge},
  note={Article Number: 1221}
}

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    <dc:contributor>von Klitzing, Kay</dc:contributor>
    <dc:creator>Clough, Peter J.</dc:creator>
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    <dcterms:title>The Origins of Mental Toughness : Prosocial Behavior and Low Internalizing and Externalizing Problems at Age 5 Predict Higher Mental Toughness Scores at Age 14</dcterms:title>
    <dc:creator>Sadeghi Bahmani, Dena</dc:creator>
    <dc:creator>Lemola, Sakari</dc:creator>
    <dc:contributor>Gerber, Markus</dc:contributor>
    <dc:contributor>Sadeghi Bahmani, Dena</dc:contributor>
    <dc:contributor>Brand, Serge</dc:contributor>
    <dc:creator>Perren, Sonja</dc:creator>
    <dc:contributor>Perren, Sonja</dc:contributor>
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    <dc:contributor>Hatzinger, Martin</dc:contributor>
    <dc:contributor>Holsboer-Trachsler, Edith</dc:contributor>
    <dc:rights>Attribution 4.0 International</dc:rights>
    <dc:date rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime">2016-11-22T13:48:01Z</dc:date>
    <dc:creator>Hatzinger, Martin</dc:creator>
    <dc:contributor>Clough, Peter J.</dc:contributor>
    <dc:creator>von Wyl, Agnes</dc:creator>
    <dc:contributor>von Wyl, Agnes</dc:contributor>
    <dc:creator>Holsboer-Trachsler, Edith</dc:creator>
    <dcterms:issued>2016</dcterms:issued>
    <dc:language>eng</dc:language>
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    <dcterms:abstract xml:lang="eng">Background: The concept of mental toughness (MT) has gained increasing importance among groups other than elite athletes by virtue of its psychological importance and explanatory power for a broad range of health-related behaviors. However, no study has focused so far on the psychological origins of MT. Therefore, the aims of the present study were: to explore, to what extent the psychological profiles of preschoolers aged five were associated with both (1) MT scores and (2) sleep disturbances at age 14, and 3) to explore possible gender differences.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Method: Nine years after their first assessment at age five (preschoolers), a total of 77 adolescents (mean age: 14.35 years; SD = 1.22; 42% females) took part in this follow-up study. At baseline, both parents and teachers completed the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), covering internalizing and externalizing problems, hyperactivity, negative peer relationships, and prosocial behavior. At follow-up, participants completed a booklet of questionnaires covering socio-demographic data, MT, and sleep disturbances.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Results: Higher prosocial behavior, lower negative peer relationships, and lower internalizing and externalizing problems at age five, as rated by parents and teachers, were associated with self-reported higher MT and lower sleep disturbances at age 14. At age 14, and relative to males, females had lower MT scores and reported more sleep disturbances.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Conclusion: The pattern of results suggests that MT traits during adolescence may have their origins in the pre-school years.</dcterms:abstract>
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    <dc:contributor>Lemola, Sakari</dc:contributor>
    <dc:creator>von Klitzing, Kay</dc:creator>
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    <dc:creator>Brand, Serge</dc:creator>
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