The Role of Beetle Marks and Flower Colour on Visitation by Monkey Beetles (Hopliini) in the Greater Cape Floral Region, South Africa
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Background and Aims: A deviation from the classical beetle pollination syndrome of dull-coloured flowers with an
unpleasant scent is found in the Greater Cape Floral Region of South Africa. Here, monkey beetles (Scarabaeidae)
visit brightly coloured, odourless flowers with conspicuous dark spots and centres (beetle marks). The role of flower
colour and markings in attracting monkey beetles is still poorly understood.
Methods: Artificial model flowers with different marking patterns were used to test the effect of beetle marks on
visitation by monkey beetles. To test whether monkey beetles are conditioned to the colour of the local matrix
species, model flowers of different colours were placed in populations of three differently coloured species of
Iridaceae.
Key Results: Among all three matrix species the presence of dark markings of some kind (either centres or spots)
increased visitation rates but the different matrix species differed in whether the effect was due to a dark centre or to dark spots. Monkey beetles were not conditioned for the colour of the matrix species: model colour was not significant in the Hesperantha vaginata and in the Romulea monadelpha matrices, whereas yellow model flowers were
preferred over orange ones in the orange-flowered Sparaxis elegans matrix.
Conclusions: This study is the first to demonstrate that beetle marks attract pollinating monkey beetles in the
Greater Cape Floral Region. In contrast to plants with the classical beetle pollination syndrome that use floral
scent as the most important attractant of pollinating beetles, plants with the monkey beetle pollination syndrome
rely on visual signals, and, in some areas at least, monkey beetles favour flowers with dark beetle markings over
unmarked flowers.
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VAN KLEUNEN, Mark, Ingrid NÄNNI, John S. DONALDSON, John C. MANNING, 2007. The Role of Beetle Marks and Flower Colour on Visitation by Monkey Beetles (Hopliini) in the Greater Cape Floral Region, South Africa. In: Annals of Botany. 2007, 100(7), pp. 1483-1489. ISSN 0305-7364. eISSN 1095-8290. Available under: doi: 10.1093/aob/mcm256BibTex
@article{vanKleunen2007-12Beetl-13305, year={2007}, doi={10.1093/aob/mcm256}, title={The Role of Beetle Marks and Flower Colour on Visitation by Monkey Beetles (Hopliini) in the Greater Cape Floral Region, South Africa}, number={7}, volume={100}, issn={0305-7364}, journal={Annals of Botany}, pages={1483--1489}, author={van Kleunen, Mark and Nänni, Ingrid and Donaldson, John S. and Manning, John C.} }
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