@techreport{Maier2011Punch-14240,
  year={2011},
  series={Distributed Systems Group Technical Report ; KN–2011–DiSy–02},
  title={NAT Hole Punching Revisited},
  author={Maier, Daniel and Haase, Oliver and Wäsch, Jürgen and Waldvogel, Marcel}
}

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    <dcterms:abstract xml:lang="eng">Setting up connections to hosts behind Network Address Translation (NAT) equipment has last been the subject of research debates half a decade ago when NAT technology was still immature. This paper fills this gap and provides solid, comparative insights into the current state of technology. The result is threefold: (1) understanding the NAT and operating system issues involved in hole punching, (2) overview over the main hole punching technologies, (3) a comparison of these technologies. The comparison features current conditions and thoroughly compares setup delay, implementation complexity, resource usage, and effectuality of the two main approaches. The result is a list of recommendations and a portable, effectual, and open-source Java implementation.</dcterms:abstract>
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