The Democratic Quality of Institutional Regimes : A Conceptual Framework
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Lijphart's spectrum of democracies - recently expanded by Jack Nagel to a sub-majoritarian sphere of pluralitarian systems which use disproportional electoral systems in order to manufacture majority governments from minorities in the electorate - is based on only one dimension: inclusion of preferences. Political scientists in the Lijphartian tradition wrongly assume that inclusion of preferences, which is an input characteristic, automatically leads to responsiveness, which refers to actual policy decisions and hence is an output characteristic. We therefore add `responsibility' as a second input characteristic and employ it alongside the inclusiveness of institutional regimes. We argue that in representative democracies there exists a trade-off between inclusiveness and responsibility. This trade-off helps us to measure the democratic quality of institutional regimes. The now expanded spectrum of democracies based on these two dimensions shows that majoritarian democracy proper - in which governments represent a majority of individual preferences but not more than necessary - is the best possible combination of the two democratic values.
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KAISER, André, Matthias LEHNERT, Bernhard MILLER, Ulrich SIEBERER, 2002. The Democratic Quality of Institutional Regimes : A Conceptual Framework. In: Political Studies. 2002, 50(2), pp. 313-331. ISSN 0032-3217. Available under: doi: 10.1111/1467-9248.t01-1-00372BibTex
@article{Kaiser2002Democ-16276, year={2002}, doi={10.1111/1467-9248.t01-1-00372}, title={The Democratic Quality of Institutional Regimes : A Conceptual Framework}, number={2}, volume={50}, issn={0032-3217}, journal={Political Studies}, pages={313--331}, author={Kaiser, André and Lehnert, Matthias and Miller, Bernhard and Sieberer, Ulrich} }
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