@inproceedings{Rajesh2011UrduH-18785,
  year={2011},
  title={Urdu/Hindi modals},
  url={http://web.stanford.edu/group/cslipublications/cslipublications/LFG/16/papers/lfg11bhattetal.pdf},
  publisher={CSLI Publ.},
  address={Stanford, CA},
  booktitle={Proceedings of LFG1 1},
  pages={47--67},
  editor={Butt, Miriam},
  author={Rajesh, Bhatt and Bögel, Tina and Butt, Miriam and Hautli-Janisz, Annette and Sulger, Sebastian}
}

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    <dc:contributor>Butt, Miriam</dc:contributor>
    <dc:contributor>Bögel, Tina</dc:contributor>
    <dc:creator>Bögel, Tina</dc:creator>
    <dc:contributor>Sulger, Sebastian</dc:contributor>
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    <dcterms:issued>2011</dcterms:issued>
    <dcterms:bibliographicCitation>Proceedings of the LFG11 Conference / Miriam Butt ... (eds.). - Stanford, CA : CSLI Publ., 2011. - S. 47-67</dcterms:bibliographicCitation>
    <dcterms:title>Urdu/Hindi modals</dcterms:title>
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    <dc:creator>Sulger, Sebastian</dc:creator>
    <dc:contributor>Rajesh, Bhatt</dc:contributor>
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    <dcterms:abstract xml:lang="eng">In this paper we survey the various ways of expressing modality in Urdu/Hindi and show that Urdu/Hindi modals provide interesting insights on current discussions of the semantics of modality. There are very few dedicated modals in Urdu/Hindi: most of which has been arrived at constructionally via a combination of a certain kind of verb with a certain kind of embedded verb form and a certain kind of case. Among the range of constructions yielded by such combinations, there is evidence for a two-place modal operator in addition to the one-place operator usually assumed in the literature. We also discuss instances of the Actuality Entailment, which had been shown to be sensitive to aspect, but in Urdu/Hindi appears to be sensitive to aspect only some of the time, depending on the type of modal verb. Indeed, following recent proposals by Ramchand (2011), we end up with a purely lexical account of modality and the Actuality Entailment, rather than the structural one put forward by Hacquard (2010).</dcterms:abstract>
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