New aspects in deriving health-based guidance values for bromate in swimming pool water

Röhl, Claudia; Batke, Monika; Damm, Georg; Freyberger, Alexius; Gebel, Thomas; Gundert-Remy, Ursula; Hengstler, Jan G.; Mangerich, Aswin; Matthiessen, Axel; Partosch, Falko

New aspects in deriving health-based guidance values for bromate in swimming pool water

Dateien

Roehl_2-1dzq98835fp182.pdfGröße: 1.31 MBDownloads: 61

Datum

2022

Autor:innen

Röhl, Claudia

Batke, Monika

Damm, Georg

Freyberger, Alexius

Gebel, Thomas

Gundert-Remy, Ursula

Hengstler, Jan G.

Mangerich, Aswin

Matthiessen, Axel

Partosch, Falko

et al.

Open Access-Veröffentlichung

Open Access Hybrid

Sammlungen

Biologie

Publikationstyp

Zeitschriftenartikel

Publikationsstatus

Published

Erschienen in

Archives of Toxicology. Springer. 2022, 96(6), pp. 1623-1659. ISSN 0340-5761. eISSN 1432-0738. Available under: doi: 10.1007/s00204-022-03255-9

Zusammenfassung

Bromate, classified as a EU CLP 1B carcinogen, is a typical by-product of the disinfection of drinking and swimming pool water. The aim of this study was (a) to provide data on the occurrence of bromate in pool water, (b) to re-evaluate the carcinogenic MOA of bromate in the light of existing data, (c) to assess the possible exposure to bromate via swimming pool water and (d) to inform the derivation of cancer risk-related bromate concentrations in swimming pool water. Measurements from monitoring analysis of 229 samples showed bromate concentrations in seawater pools up to 34 mg/L. A comprehensive non-systematic literature search was done and the quality of the studies on genotoxicity and carcinogenicity was assessed by Klimisch criteria (Klimisch et al., Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 25:1-5, 1997) and SciRAP tool (Beronius et al., J Appl Toxicol, 38:1460-1470, 2018) respectively. Benchmark dose (BMD) modeling was performed using the modeling average mode in BMDS 3.1 and PROAST 66.40, 67 and 69 (human cancer BMDL₁₀; EFSA 2017). For exposure assessment, data from a wide range of sources were evaluated for their reliability. Different target groups (infants/toddlers, children and adults) and exposure scenarios (recreational, sport-active swimmers, top athletes) were considered for oral, inhalation and dermal exposure. Exposure was calculated according to the frequency of swimming events and duration in water. For illustration, cancer risk-related bromate concentrations in pool water were calculated for different target groups, taking into account their exposure using the hBMDL₁₀ and a cancer risk of 1 in 100,000. Convincing evidence was obtained from a multitude of studies that bromate induces oxidative DNA damage and acts as a clastogen in vitro and in vivo. Since statistical modeling of the available genotoxicity data is compatible with both linear as well as non-linear dose-response relationships, bromate should be conservatively considered to be a non-threshold carcinogen. BMD modeling with model averaging for renal cancer studies (Kurokawa et al., J Natl. Cancer Inst, 1983 and 1986a; DeAngelo et al., Toxicol Pathol 26:587-594, 1998) resulted in a median hBMDL₁₀ of 0.65 mg bromate/kg body weight (bw) per day. Evaluation of different age and activity groups revealed that top athletes had the highest exposure, followed by sport-active children, sport-active adults, infants and toddlers, children and adults. The predominant route of exposure was oral (73-98%) by swallowing water, followed by the dermal route (2-27%), while the inhalation route was insignificant (< 0.5%). Accepting the same risk level for all population groups resulted in different guidance values due to the large variation in exposure. For example, for an additional risk of 1 in 100,000, the bromate concentrations would range between 0.011 for top athletes, 0.015 for sport-active children and 2.1 mg/L for adults. In conclusion, the present study shows that health risks due to bromate exposure by swimming pool water cannot be excluded and that large differences in risk exist depending on the individual swimming habits and water concentrations.

Fachgebiet (DDC)

570 Biowissenschaften, Biologie

Schlagwörter

Bromate, Swimming pool water, Mode of action, Exposure, Disinfection, Risk assessment

Zitieren

ISO 690

RÖHL, Claudia, Monika BATKE, Georg DAMM, Alexius FREYBERGER, Thomas GEBEL, Ursula GUNDERT-REMY, Jan G. HENGSTLER, Aswin MANGERICH, Axel MATTHIESSEN, Falko PARTOSCH, 2022. New aspects in deriving health-based guidance values for bromate in swimming pool water. In: Archives of Toxicology. Springer. 2022, 96(6), pp. 1623-1659. ISSN 0340-5761. eISSN 1432-0738. Available under: doi: 10.1007/s00204-022-03255-9

BibTex

@article{Rohl2022-06aspec-57239,
  year={2022},
  doi={10.1007/s00204-022-03255-9},
  title={New aspects in deriving health-based guidance values for bromate in swimming pool water},
  number={6},
  volume={96},
  issn={0340-5761},
  journal={Archives of Toxicology},
  pages={1623--1659},
  author={Röhl, Claudia and Batke, Monika and Damm, Georg and Freyberger, Alexius and Gebel, Thomas and Gundert-Remy, Ursula and Hengstler, Jan G. and Mangerich, Aswin and Matthiessen, Axel and Partosch, Falko}
}

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