@article{Kano2022-03-08Exper-57006,
  year={2022},
  doi={10.7554/eLife.74086},
  title={Experimental evidence that uniformly white sclera enhances the visibility of eye-gaze direction in humans and chimpanzees},
  volume={11},
  journal={eLife},
  author={Kano, Fumihiro and Kawaguchi, Yuri and Hanling, Yeow},
  note={Article Number: e74086}
}

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    <dc:contributor>Kawaguchi, Yuri</dc:contributor>
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    <dcterms:abstract xml:lang="eng">Hallmark social activities of humans, such as cooperation and cultural learning, involve eye-gaze signaling through joint attentional interaction and ostensive communication. The gaze-signaling and related cooperative-eye hypotheses posit that humans evolved unique external eye morphologies, including uniformly white sclera (the whites of the eye), to enhance the visibility of eye-gaze for conspecifics. However, experimental evidence is still lacking. This study tested the ability of human and chimpanzee participants to discriminate the eye-gaze directions of human and chimpanzee images in computerized tasks. We varied the level of brightness and size in the stimulus images to examine the robustness of the eye-gaze directional signal against simulated shading and distancing. We found that both humans and chimpanzees discriminated eye-gaze directions of humans better than those of chimpanzees, particularly in visually challenging conditions. Also, participants of both species discriminated the eye-gaze directions of chimpanzees better when the contrast polarity of the chimpanzee eye was reversed compared to when it was normal; namely, when the chimpanzee eye has human-like white sclera and a darker iris. Uniform whiteness in the sclera thus facilitates the visibility of eye-gaze direction even across species. Our findings thus support but also critically update the central premises of the gaze-signaling hypothesis.</dcterms:abstract>
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    <dc:creator>Kano, Fumihiro</dc:creator>
    <dcterms:title>Experimental evidence that uniformly white sclera enhances the visibility of eye-gaze direction in humans and chimpanzees</dcterms:title>
    <dc:creator>Hanling, Yeow</dc:creator>
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