@article{Kang2021COVID-55645,
  year={2021},
  doi={10.14573/altex.2110131},
  title={COVID-19 : prime time for microphysiological systems, as illustrated for the brain},
  number={4},
  volume={38},
  issn={1868-596X},
  journal={Alternatives to Animal Experimentation : ALTEX},
  pages={535--549},
  author={Kang, Ian and Smirnova, Lena and Kuhn, Jens H. and Hogberg, Helena T. and Kleinstreuer, Nicole C. and Hartung, Thomas}
}

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    <dc:date rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime">2021-11-24T14:52:30Z</dc:date>
    <dc:contributor>Kleinstreuer, Nicole C.</dc:contributor>
    <dc:creator>Kang, Ian</dc:creator>
    <dc:contributor>Smirnova, Lena</dc:contributor>
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    <dcterms:abstract xml:lang="eng">The development of therapies for and preventions against infectious diseases depends on the availability of disease models. Bioengineering of human organoids and organs-on-chips is one extremely promising avenue of research. These miniature, laboratory-grown organ systems have been broadly used during the ongoing, unprecedented coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic to show the many effects of the etiologic agent, severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on human organs. In contrast, exposure of most animals either did not result in infection or caused mild clinical signs - not the severe course of the infection suffered by many humans. This article illuminates the opportunities of microphysiological systems (MPS) to study COVID-19 in vitro, with a focus on brain cell infection and its translational rel-evance to COVID-19 effects on the human brain. Neurovirulence of SARS-CoV-2 has been reproduced in different types of human brain organoids by 10 groups, consistently showing infection of a small portion of brain cells accompanied by limited viral replication. This mirrors increasingly recognized neurological manifestations in COVID-19 patients (evidence of virus infection and brain-specific antibody formation in brain tissue and cerebrospinal fluid). The pathogenesis of neuro-logical signs, their long-term consequences, and possible interventions remain unclear, but future MPS technologies offer prospects to address these open questions.</dcterms:abstract>
    <dc:creator>Kleinstreuer, Nicole C.</dc:creator>
    <dc:contributor>Hartung, Thomas</dc:contributor>
    <dc:creator>Hartung, Thomas</dc:creator>
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    <dc:creator>Kuhn, Jens H.</dc:creator>
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    <dc:contributor>Hogberg, Helena T.</dc:contributor>
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    <dc:creator>Hogberg, Helena T.</dc:creator>
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    <dc:creator>Smirnova, Lena</dc:creator>
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    <dc:contributor>Kuhn, Jens H.</dc:contributor>
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    <dc:contributor>Kang, Ian</dc:contributor>
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