Trait and State Academic Emotions : Two Sides of the Same Coin?

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Trait- und State-Emotionen im Lern- und Leistungskontext : Zwei Seiten einer Medaille?
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Zusammenfassung

Emotions in the school setting are gaining increasing attention among educational researchers but also among practitioners and policy makers. Emotions in achievement contexts, referred to as academic emotions, are of high importance with regard to students’ self-regulated learning, academic achievement, life-long learning, and career choices but are also valuable outcomes themselves. Yet, what do we mean when we are talking about emotions? An important distinction needs to be made, namely the one between trait and state emotions. Trait emotions are seen as habitual tendencies whereas state emotions are emotions experienced in a specific situation. When studying academic emotions, researchers usually rely on the assessment of emotions via self-reports from study participants, and a large proportion of previous studies have investigated emotions through the use of generalized self-reports (“How much enjoyment do you experience in general?”; i.e., trait emotions). However, momentary assessments examining actual emotions in achievement and learning situations (“How much enjoyment are you experiencing right now?”; i.e., state emotions) are becoming more popular as they are believed to be more ecological valid. It is assumed that state emotions are directly assessed and thus influenced by situational cues, whereas in trait assessments, individuals’ beliefs and semantic knowledge affect outcomes of the assessment (accessibility model of emotional self-report; Robinson & Clore, 2002). Thus, there may be a discrepancy between trait and state emotions. Research that explicitly compares trait and state emotions in the academic context is lacking, however, this appears to be a promising enterprise for determining whether it is justifiable to draw conclusions about trait emotions from state emotions and vice versa. In order to close this gap in educational research on emotions, the present dissertation comprises three empirical studies that aimed at comparing trait and state emotions and their assessments with regard to structural (Study 1) as well as mean-level differences (Study 2 and Study 3).


The first study explored structural relations between cognitive appraisal antecedents and academic emotions as stated in Pekrun’s control-value theory (2006). The appraisals of control and value, and the interaction of the two as predictors of emotions, were studied while using multiple trait and state assessments in one sample of 120 students in grades 8 and 11. Participants were asked about their control and value appraisals, and the discrete emotions of pride, anxiety, and boredom, in four subject domains. The appraisal antecedents as well as the emotions were assessed trait-based and state-based. In line with the hypotheses, results showed that control positively predicted pride and negatively predicted anxiety and boredom. Value positively predicted pride and anxiety and negatively predicted boredom. Furthermore, the interaction between control and value predicted emotions over and above the single main effects. An intraindividual approach was utilized, meaning data were analyzed within persons (multiple trait and state measurement points per person) rather than between persons. The analyses revealed that appraisal-emotion relationships were quite similar in trait and state data.


In the second study, trait and state assessments of academic emotions were compared with regard to mean-level differences to investigate whether there was a discrepancy between the two types of academic emotions and whether self-concept of ability moderated this discrepancy. A total of 225 secondary school students from two different countries enrolled in grades 8 and 11 (German sample; n = 94) and grade 9 (Swiss sample; n = 131) participated. Students’ trait academic emotions of enjoyment, pride, anger, and anxiety in mathematics were assessed with a self-report questionnaire. Furthermore, state academic emotions were assessed through the use of the experience-sampling method while participants were in class. The results revealed that students’ scores on the trait assessment of emotions were generally higher than their scores on the state assessment. Further, as expected, students’ academic self-concept in the domain of mathematics was shown to partly explain the discrepancy between scores on trait and state emotions. Results indicated that there was a belief-driven discrepancy between what students think they feel (trait emotion) and what they actually feel (state emotion). Thus, the two methods are quite different and trait emotions generally being rated higher than state emotions, which has important implications for future studies that use self-reports to assess academic emotions.


Study 3 sought to examine gender differences in trait (habitual) versus state (momentary) mathematics anxiety in two study samples. In line with the accessibility model of emotional self-report (Robinson & Clore, 2002), it was assumed that the frequently reported difference in trait mathematics anxiety between boys and girls would not emerge in state emotions. In the first study, 584 students were recruited from grades 5 to 10, and in the second study, 111 high school students from grades 8 and 11 participated. For trait math anxiety, the findings from both studies replicated previous research showing female students to report higher levels of anxiety than male students. However, no gender differences were observed for state anxiety as assessed by experience-sampling during a math test (first study) and when attending math classes (second study). The discrepant findings for trait versus state math anxiety were partly accounted for by students’ competence beliefs in mathematics, with female students showing lower perceived competence than male students despite having the same average math grades.


The three studies included in the present dissertation found that, although the structural relations between appraisal antecedents and emotions were found to be similar in trait and state data (Study 1), there were clear discrepancies between trait and state emotions with regard to mean-levels (Study 2 and Study 3). This discrepancy can be explained by students’ gender (Study 3) but also by subjective control beliefs that students hold (Study 2 and Study 3). The results of the present studies will hopefully encourage future researchers of academic emotions to clearly operationalize and differentiate between emotions as traits or states as both seem to be of value depending on the respective research question. For example, trait emotions have a stronger relation to future behavior and choices (Wirtz, Kruger, Napa Scollon, & Diener, 2003) but are unable to capture situational fluctuations of emotions. Findings from the present dissertation also strengthen ongoing endeavors to positively influence students’ subjective control conceptualized from either a trait (e.g., students’ academic self-concept) or state (e.g., subjective situational control) perspective. Implications for future research and practice are discussed, especially with regard to the importance of subjective beliefs and emotions in the achievement context.

Zusammenfassung in einer weiteren Sprache

Emotionen im schulischen Kontext wird sowohl in der Forschung als auch unter Praktikern und in der Politik zunehmende Bedeutung zugesprochen. Emotionen im Lern- und Leistungskontext spielen in Bezug auf selbstreguliertes Lernen, akademische Leistung, lebenslanges Lernen sowie Fächer- und Berufs- oder Studienwahl eine bedeutsame Rolle, sind aber auch an sich wertvolle Produkte des Lernprozesses. Was meinen wir jedoch genau damit, wenn wir über Emotionen sprechen? Eine wichtige Unterscheidung wird zwischen Trait- und State-Emotionen getroffen. Trait-Emotionen werden als habituelle Tendenzen, mit einer bestimmten Emotion zu reagieren, definiert. State-Emotionen hingegen beziehen sich auf Emotionen, so wie sie im Moment in einer spezifischen Situation erlebt werden. Zur Untersuchung von Lern- und Leistungsemotionen werden in Studien meist Selbstberichte der Teilnehmenden eingeholt. Eine Vielzahl bisheriger Studien untersuchte Emotionen mittels generalisierter Einschätzung der Emotionsintensitäten im Selbstbericht („Wie viel Freude erlebst du im Allgemeinen?“; d.h. Trait-Emotionen). State-Erhebungen, die Emotionen in der tatsächlichen Lern- und Leistungssituation erfassen („Wie viel Freude erlebst du in diesem Moment?“; d.h. State-Emotionen), werden jedoch zunehmend beliebter aufgrund ihrer erwarteten höheren ökologischen Validität. Es wird angenommen, dass State-Emotionen direkt erfasst werden können und folglich durch die konkrete Situation beeinflusst werden, während bei Trait-Erhebungen subjektive Überzeugungen und semantisches Wissen die Erhebung beeinflussen (Modell zur Zugänglichkeit emotionaler Selbstberichte; accessibility model of emotional self-report; Robinson & Clore, 2002). Folglich könnte eine Diskrepanz zwischen Trait- und State-Emotionen bestehen. Forschung, die explizit und systematisch Trait- und State-Emotionen im akademischen Kontext vergleicht, fehlt bislang. Dies stellt jedoch ein vielversprechendes und dringend notwendiges Unterfangen dar, um zu bestimmen, inwieweit es gerechtfertigt ist Schlüsse über Trait-Emotionen auf der Grundlage von State-Emotionen und umgekehrt zu ziehen. Um diese Lücke im Bereich der Emotionsforschung in der Pädagogischen Psychologie zu schließen, vereint die vorliegende Dissertation drei empirische Studien, die darauf abzielten, Trait- und State-Emotionen und deren Erfassung im Hinblick auf strukturelle (Studie 1) und Mittelwerts-Unterschiede (Studie 2 und Studie 3) zu vergleichen.


In der ersten Studie wurden strukturelle Beziehungen zwischen kognitiven Appraisal-Antezedenzien und Emotionen entsprechend Pekruns Kontroll-Wert-Theorie (Pekrun, 2006) untersucht. Die Appraisals (Einschätzungen) Kontrolle und Wert sowie ihre Interaktion wurden als Prädiktoren von Emotionen untersucht, wobei sowohl mehrere Trait-Erhebungen als auch mehrere State-Erhebungen in einer Stichprobe von 120 Schülerinnen und Schülern der Klassenstufen 8 und 11 herangezogen wurden. Studienteilnehmerinnen und –teilnehmer wurden bezüglich ihrer Kontroll- und Wertappraisals sowie der diskreten Emotionen Stolz, Angst und Langeweile in vier Fächern befragt. Appraisal-Antezedenzien und Emotionen wurden trait- und state-basiert erfragt. Entsprechend der Hypothesen zeigten die Ergebnisse, dass Kontrolle positiv mit Stolz zusammenhängt und negativ mit Angst und Langeweile. Die Einschätzung des subjektiven Werts sagte Stolz und Angst positiv vorher und Langeweile negativ. Des Weiteren war auch die Interaktion zwischen Kontrolle und Wert ein Prädiktor der Emotionen zusätzlich zu den einzelnen Haupteffekten. Die Daten wurden mittels intraindividuellem Ansatz ausgewertet, d.h. die Relationen wurden innerhalb von Personen (mehrere Trait- und State-Messzeitpunkte pro Person) analysiert und nicht zwischen Personen. Die Analysen ergaben, dass die Appraisal-Emotions-Beziehungen bei Trait- und State-Erhebungen relativ ähnlich waren.


In der zweiten Studie wurden Trait- und State-Erhebungen von Lern- und Leistungsemotionen in Bezug auf Mittelwertsunterschiede verglichen. Es wurde untersucht, ob eine Diskrepanz zwischen Trait- und State-Emotionen besteht und ob das akademische Fähigkeitsselbstkonzept diese Diskrepanz moderiert. Insgesamt 225 Gymnasiasten aus zwei verschiedenen Ländern aus Klassenstufe 8 und 11 (deutsche Stichprobe; n = 94) und Klassenstufe 9 (schweizerische Stichprobe; n = 131) nahmen an der Studie teil. Mittels Selbstberichtsfragebogen wurden die Trait-Emotionen Freude, Stolz, Ärger und Angst der Schülerinnen und Schüler in Mathematik erhoben. Des Weiteren wurden State-Emotionen mittels Experience-Sampling Methode während des Unterrichts erfasst. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass die Werte der Schüler bei Trait-Emotionserhebungen allgemein höher waren als die Werte bei den State-Erhebungen. Überdies konnte erwartungsgemäß das Selbstkonzept in Mathematik teilweise die Diskrepanz zwischen den beiden Werten von Trait- und State-Emotionen erklären. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass eine durch Überzeugungen getriebene Diskrepanz zwischen dem besteht, was Schüler denken, was sie fühlen (Trait-Emotion) und dem, was sie wirklich fühlen (State-Emotion). Folglich sind die zwei Methoden, die beide Emotionen erfassen sollen, deutlich unterschiedlich, wobei Trait-Emotionen allgemein höher eingeschätzt werden als State-Emotionen. Dies hat wichtige Implikationen zur Folge für zukünftige Studien, die Selbstberichte nutzen, um akademische Emotionen zu erfassen.
Studie drei hatte zum Ziel Geschlechterunterschiede in Trait- versus State-Mathematikangst in zwei Stichproben zu untersuchen. Entsprechend des „Modells zur Zugänglichkeit emotionaler Selbstberichte“ (accessibility model of emotional self-report; Robinson & Clore, 2002) wurde angenommen, dass die vielberichtete höhere Ausprägung des Angstempfindens in Mathematik bei Mädchen im Vergleich zu Jungen nicht bei State-Emotionen zu finden ist. Zwei Studien wurden durchgeführt, um Geschlechterunterschiede in Trait-Angst und State-Angst zu untersuchen.

In der ersten Studie nahmen 584 Gymnasiasten der Klassenstufen 5 bis 10 und in der zweiten Studie 111 Gymnasiasten der Klassenstufen 8 und 11 teil. In Bezug auf Trait-Angst replizierten beide Studien bisherige Forschungsergebnisse, die zeigten, dass Mädchen höhere Angstwerte berichten als Jungen. Es wurden allerdings keine Geschlechterunterschiede in Bezug auf State-Angst (erfasst mittels Experience-Sampling) während eines Mathematiktests (erste Studie) und während des Mathematikunterrichts (zweite Studie) gefunden. Die unterschiedlichen Befunde für Trait- und State-Mathematikangst konnten teilweise durch die Kompetenzüberzeugungen der Schülerinnen und Schüler erklärt werden, wobei Schülerinnen trotz durchschnittlich gleicher Mathematiknoten niedrigere wahrgenommene Kompetenz angaben als Jungen.


Die drei Studien der vorliegenden Dissertation ergaben, dass trotz gleicher struktureller Beziehungen zwischen Appraisal-Antezedenzien und Emotionen bei Trait- und State-Daten (Studie 1), klare Diskrepanzen zwischen Trait- und State-Emotionen in Bezug auf Mittelwerte bestehen (Studie 2 und 3). Diese Diskrepanz konnte sowohl durch das Geschlecht der Schüler (Studie 3) als auch durch subjektive Kontrollüberzeugungen, die Schülerinnen und Schüler haben (Studie 2 und Studie 3), erklärt werden. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Studien ermutigen Forschende hoffentlich dazu, klar zwischen der Konzeptualisierung von Emotionen als Traits und States zu unterscheiden, da beide je nach Fragestellung von Bedeutung zu sein scheinen. So scheinen Trait-Emotionen beispielsweise stärker zukünftige Entscheidungen und zukünftiges Verhalten vorherzusagen (Wirtz et al., 2003), sind aber nicht in der Lage situationale Fluktuationen im emotionalen Erleben zu erfassen. Die Befunde der vorliegenden Dissertation bestärken überdies aktuelle Bemühungen die subjektive Kontrolle bei Schülern und Schülerinnen zu fördern – konzeptualisiert als Trait (z.B. akademisches Selbstkonzept) und State (z.B. subjektive situationale Kontrolle). Implikationen für zukünftige Forschung und Praxis werden diskutiert, speziell in Bezug auf die Wichtigkeit subjektiver Überzeugungen und Emotionen im Lern- und Leistungskontext.

Fachgebiet (DDC)
150 Psychologie
Schlagwörter
emotions, self-concept, experience-sampling method
Konferenz
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Zitieren
ISO 690BIEG, Madeleine, 2013. Trait and State Academic Emotions : Two Sides of the Same Coin? [Dissertation]. Konstanz: University of Konstanz
BibTex
@phdthesis{Bieg2013Trait-25394,
  year={2013},
  title={Trait and State Academic Emotions : Two Sides of the Same Coin?},
  author={Bieg, Madeleine},
  address={Konstanz},
  school={Universität Konstanz}
}
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    <dcterms:abstract xml:lang="eng">Emotions in the school setting are gaining increasing attention among educational researchers but also among practitioners and policy makers. Emotions in achievement contexts, referred to as academic emotions, are of high importance with regard to students’ self-regulated learning, academic achievement, life-long learning, and career choices but are also valuable outcomes themselves. Yet, what do we mean when we are talking about emotions? An important distinction needs to be made, namely the one between trait and state emotions. Trait emotions are seen as habitual tendencies whereas state emotions are emotions experienced in a specific situation. When studying academic emotions, researchers usually rely on the assessment of emotions via self-reports from study participants, and a large proportion of previous studies have investigated emotions through the use of generalized self-reports (“How much enjoyment do you experience in general?”; i.e., trait emotions). However, momentary assessments examining actual emotions in achievement and learning situations (“How much enjoyment are you experiencing right now?”; i.e., state emotions) are becoming more popular as they are believed to be more ecological valid. It is assumed that state emotions are directly assessed and thus influenced by situational cues, whereas in trait assessments, individuals’ beliefs and semantic knowledge affect outcomes of the assessment (accessibility model of emotional self-report; Robinson &amp; Clore, 2002). Thus, there may be a discrepancy between trait and state emotions. Research that explicitly compares trait and state emotions in the academic context is lacking, however, this appears to be a promising enterprise for determining whether it is justifiable to draw conclusions about trait emotions from state emotions and vice versa. In order to close this gap in educational research on emotions, the present dissertation comprises three empirical studies that aimed at comparing trait and state emotions and their assessments with regard to structural (Study 1) as well as mean-level differences (Study 2 and Study 3).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The first study explored structural relations between cognitive appraisal antecedents and academic emotions as stated in Pekrun’s control-value theory (2006). The appraisals of control and value, and the interaction of the two as predictors of emotions, were studied while using multiple trait and state assessments in one sample of 120 students in grades 8 and 11. Participants were asked about their control and value appraisals, and the discrete emotions of pride, anxiety, and boredom, in four subject domains. The appraisal antecedents as well as the emotions were assessed trait-based and state-based. In line with the hypotheses, results showed that control positively predicted pride and negatively predicted anxiety and boredom. Value positively predicted pride and anxiety and negatively predicted boredom. Furthermore, the interaction between control and value predicted emotions over and above the single main effects. An intraindividual approach was utilized, meaning data were analyzed within persons (multiple trait and state measurement points per person) rather than between persons. The analyses revealed that appraisal-emotion relationships were quite similar in trait and state data.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In the second study, trait and state assessments of academic emotions were compared with regard to mean-level differences to investigate whether there was a discrepancy between the two types of academic emotions and whether self-concept of ability moderated this discrepancy. A total of 225 secondary school students from two different countries enrolled in grades 8 and 11 (German sample; n = 94) and grade 9 (Swiss sample; n = 131) participated. Students’ trait academic emotions of enjoyment, pride, anger, and anxiety in mathematics were assessed with a self-report questionnaire. Furthermore, state academic emotions were assessed through the use of the experience-sampling method while participants were in class. The results revealed that students’ scores on the trait assessment of emotions were generally higher than their scores on the state assessment. Further, as expected, students’ academic self-concept in the domain of mathematics was shown to partly explain the discrepancy between scores on trait and state emotions. Results indicated that there was a belief-driven discrepancy between what students think they feel (trait emotion) and what they actually feel (state emotion). Thus, the two methods are quite different and trait emotions generally being rated higher than state emotions, which has important implications for future studies that use self-reports to assess academic emotions.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Study 3 sought to examine gender differences in trait (habitual) versus state (momentary) mathematics anxiety in two study samples. In line with the accessibility model of emotional self-report (Robinson &amp; Clore, 2002), it was assumed that the frequently reported difference in trait mathematics anxiety between boys and girls would not emerge in state emotions. In the first study, 584 students were recruited from grades 5 to 10, and in the second study, 111 high school students from grades 8 and 11 participated. For trait math anxiety, the findings from both studies replicated previous research showing female students to report higher levels of anxiety than male students. However, no gender differences were observed for state anxiety as assessed by experience-sampling during a math test (first study) and when attending math classes (second study). The discrepant findings for trait versus state math anxiety were partly accounted for by students’ competence beliefs in mathematics, with female students showing lower perceived competence than male students despite having the same average math grades.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The three studies included in the present dissertation found that, although the structural relations between appraisal antecedents and emotions were found to be similar in trait and state data (Study 1), there were clear discrepancies between trait and state emotions with regard to mean-levels (Study 2 and Study 3). This discrepancy can be explained by students’ gender (Study 3) but also by subjective control beliefs that students hold (Study 2 and Study 3). The results of the present studies will hopefully encourage future researchers of academic emotions to clearly operationalize and differentiate between emotions as traits or states as both seem to be of value depending on the respective research question. For example, trait emotions have a stronger relation to future behavior and choices (Wirtz, Kruger, Napa Scollon, &amp; Diener, 2003) but are unable to capture situational fluctuations of emotions. Findings from the present dissertation also strengthen ongoing endeavors to positively influence students’ subjective control conceptualized from either a trait (e.g., students’ academic self-concept) or state (e.g., subjective situational control) perspective. Implications for future research and practice are discussed, especially with regard to the importance of subjective beliefs and emotions in the achievement context.</dcterms:abstract>
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