Effects of nanomolar cadmium concentrations on water plants - comparison of biochemical and biophysical mechanisms of toxicity under environmentally relevant conditions

Lade...
Vorschaubild
Dateien
Andresen_271135.pdf
Andresen_271135.pdfGrรถรŸe: 4.96 MBDownloads: 950
Datum
2014
Autor:innen
Herausgeber:innen
Kontakt
ISSN der Zeitschrift
Electronic ISSN
ISBN
Bibliografische Daten
Verlag
Schriftenreihe
Auflagebezeichnung
DOI (zitierfรคhiger Link)
ArXiv-ID
Internationale Patentnummer
Angaben zur Forschungsfรถrderung
Projekt
Open Access-Verรถffentlichung
Open Access Green
Sammlungen
Core Facility der Universitรคt Konstanz
Gesperrt bis
Titel in einer weiteren Sprache
Forschungsvorhaben
Organisationseinheiten
Zeitschriftenheft
Publikationstyp
Dissertation
Publikationsstatus
Published
Erschienen in
Zusammenfassung

In this thesis, the effects of the highly toxic heavy metal cadmium (Cd) on the rootless aquatic model plant Ceratophyllum demersum are investigated on the biochemical and biophysical level. The experiments were carried out using environmentally relevant conditions, i.e. light and temperature followed a sinusoidal cycle, a low biomass to water ratio resembled the situation in oligotrophic lakes and a continuous exchange of the defined nutrient solution ensured that metal uptake into the plant was not limited by the nutrient solution, but the capacity of the plant. Above all, Cd concentrations in the nanomolar range were applied and experiments lasted long enough to observe chronic toxicity.

The toxicity study revealed that the first site of inhibition was the photosynthetic apparatus. The maximal quantum efficiency of photosystem II (PS II) photochemistry in dark adapted state as well as the PS II operating efficiency in actinic light were the first parameters to be reduced. Only afterwards, an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) was observed, indicating that they are the result and not the cause of dysfunctional photosynthesis. For most affected parameters, the respective threshold concentration of inhibition or upregulation due to Cd treatment was 20 nM. This is a much lower concentration than applied in many previous studies. All of the observed effects were more pronounced in plants subjected to Cd stress under high light conditions compared to low light conditions, suggesting a protective role of the comparatively larger antenna system of low light grown plants.

Cadmium treatment led to a redistribution of other metals, especially Zn in the tissue of C. demersum as revealed using the non-invasive technique of micro X ray fluorescence (ยต XRF) on frozen hydrated leaves. At low Cd concentrations, Zn was found mainly in the epidermis and in the mesophyll. At moderately toxic Cd concentration (20 nM), a higher proportion of Zn was found in the mesophyll. At the highest Cd concentrations, Zn was seemingly stuck in the vein, suggesting that the Zn-exporters were blocked by Cd.

As part of the detoxification process, a changing distribution of Cd with increasing Cd concentrations was observed. No Cd was detected in the plants from the control treatment (no Cd added) and a homogenous distribution of Cd all over the leaf section was revealed at low Cd treatment. However, at moderately toxic and highly toxic Cd concentrations, sequestration of Cd into specific organs and tissues was observed. The process of sequestration, transport and storage of the toxic metal is already known from hyperaccumulator plants. It usually results in metal storage in organs and tissues where it interferes least with the sensitive metabolic processes like photosynthesis and respiration, i.e. the vein and the epidermis. Another detoxification mechanism was induced upon Cd treatment in C. demersum: the metal-chelating ligands phytochelatins (PCs) were detected in extracts from the plants. The induction of different PCs was not proportional to the applied Cd concentration, but occurred in a switch-like manner and specifically for each PC species. The most noticeable increase was PC3 at the threshold concentration of 20 nM Cd.

A combination of different heavy metals and other factors caused the nearly complete lack of macrophytes in an oligotrophic hard water lake (lake Ammelshain). Within the lake, elevated concentrations of Cd (3 nM), Nickel (300 nM) and reduced Phosphate (75 nM) seemed to be responsible for the lack of aquatic plants and were tested for their inhibitory capability in hard and soft water. While the single treatments with non-toxic concentrations of Cd or slightly toxic concentrations of Ni caused no or only minimal toxicity symptoms in C. demersum, they became highly toxic when applied in combination. This negative effect was even more severe under phosphate-limitation. High concentrations of Calcium and Magnesium in the lake water reduced metal toxicity, indicating additional reasons for the absence of macrophytes in the lake. But regarding other freshwater habitats, these measurements revealed that synergistic metal toxicity may be an important influencing factor for the colonisation of soft waters by water plants.

Altogether, the results from this thesis indicate the onset of Cd toxicity and detoxification in a model water plant at a significantly lower level than shown in previous studies.

Zusammenfassung in einer weiteren Sprache

Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit den Effekten, die das hochtoxische Schwermetall Cadmium auf die wurzellose, aquatische Modellpflanze Ceratophyllum demersum ausรผbt, welche sowohl biochemisch als auch biophysikalisch ermittelt wurden. Dabei wurden die Stressexperimente unter umweltrelevanten Bedingungen durchgefรผhrt. Dies bedeutet, dass Licht und Temperatur รผber die Zeit einer sinusfรถrmigen Kurve folgten, dass das Verhรคltnis von Biomasse zu Wasservolumen in den Aquarien so niedrig war, wie es in einem nรคhrstoffarmen See der Fall ist, und dass frisches Nรคhrmedium stรคndig zugefรผhrt wurde, damit die Metallaufnahme in die Pflanze nur durch die Aufnahmekapazitรคt der Pflanze, nicht aber durch die Verfรผgbarkeit limitiert war. AuรŸerdem wurden Cadmiumkonzentrationen im nanomolaren Bereich verwendet und die Behandlungsdauer war lang genug gewรคhlt, um auch chronische Toxizitรคt beobachten zu kรถnnen.

Durch die Toxizitรคtsstudie zeigte sich, dass der Photosyntheseapparat der erste Ort der Inhibierung ist. Die maximale Quantenausbeute von Photosystem II (PS II) im dunkeladaptierten Zustand und der Elektronenfluss durch das PS II im aktinischen Licht wurden stark reduziert. Das Auftreten reaktiver Sauerstoffspezies (ROS) wurde erst nach lรคngerer Behandlungsdauer beobachtet, was darauf hinweist, dass ihre Bildung nicht der Grund, sondern die Folge der nicht-funktionalen Photosynthese ist. Fรผr die meisten der gemessenen Parameter wurde eine Grenzwertkonzentration von 20 nM Cd bestimmt. Ab dieser Konzentration wurde das durch Cadmium ausgelรถste verstรคrkte bzw. verringerte Auftreten eines Effekts beobachtet. Dies ist eine viel geringere Konzentration als in vielen vorherigen Studien eingesetzt wurde. Alle beobachteten Effekte waren stรคrker ausgeprรคgt in Pflanzen, die bei hoher (verglichen mit geringer) Lichtintensitรคt unter Cd-Stress standen. Dieser Umstand deutet auf eine schรผtzende Rolle des in Schwachlicht viel stรคrker ausgeprรคgten Antennensystems der Pflanzen hin.

Weiterhin fรผhrte die Behandlung mit Cadmium zu einer Umverteilung von anderen Metallen im Gewebe der Versuchspflanze, vor allem von Zink, wie mit Hilfe der nichtinvasiven Rรถntgenfluoreszenz (ยต XRF) an schockgefrorenen Blรคttern festgestellt werden konnte. Wรคhrend bei geringer und mittlerer Cadmiumkonzentration Zink hauptsรคchlich in der Epidermis und im Mesophyll der Blรคtter gefunden wurde, fand bei hochtoxischer Cadmiumkonzentration eine Umverteilung im Gewebe statt. Zink wurde nun vor allem im Leitbรผndel gefunden, vermutlich weil die Zinktransporter durch Cadmium blockiert waren. Eine Umverteilung von Cadmium bei steigender Konzentration wurde als Teil des Detoxifizierungsprozesses beobachtet. Wรคhrend kein Cadmium in den Kontrollpflanzen (keine Cadmiumbehandlung) detektiert wurde, konnte bei geringer Cadmiumkonzentration eine homogene Verteilung รผber den gesamten Blattquerschnitt beobachtet werden. Bei moderat toxischen, sowie hochtoxischen Konzentrationen fand eine Einlagerung von Cadmium in diejenigen Gewebe statt, in denen Cadmium am wenigsten in sensitive, metabolische Prozesse wie Photosynthese und Atmung eingreifen kann. Diese Gewebe sind vor allem das Leitbรผndel und die Epidermis, wie bereits von Hyperakkumulatorpflanzen bekannt ist.

Als weiterer Entgiftungsmechanismus trat die Induktion der metallbindenden Liganden Phytochelatine (PCs) auf. Die Induzierung der einzelnen PC-Arten war dabei jedoch nicht proportional zur verwendeten Cadmiumkonzentration. Vielmehr gab es fรผr jede PC-Art eine spezifische Grenzwertkonzentration, bei der eine erhรถhte Akkumulation gemessen werden konnte. Der auffรคlligste Anstieg fand fรผr PC3 bei einer Konzentration von 20 nM Cadmium statt.

Eine Kombination verschiedener Schwermetalle sowie anderer Faktoren waren fรผr das beinahe vollstรคndige Fehlen der Makrophytenflora in einem nรคhrstoffarmen See (Ammelshainer See) mit hoher Wasserhรคrte verantwortlich. In besagtem See waren vermutlich erhรถhte Konzentrationen von Cadmium (3 nM) und Nickel (300 nM) bei niedrigem Phosphatgehalt (75 nM) der Grund fรผr das Fehlen der Makrophyten. Daher wurden die Metalle einzeln und in Kombination in Wasser mit geringer und hoher Hรคrte auf ihre inhibitorische Wirkung hin getestet. Einzeln eingesetzt zeigten sich keine (Cadmium) oder nur geringe (Nickel) Stresssymptome. In Verbindung, und vor allem mit zusรคtzlicher Phosphatlimitation waren die Effekte ungleich schwerwiegender. Im See sorgten allerdings die hohe Wasserhรคrte, also die erhรถhten Konzentrationen von Magnesium und Calcium, fรผr geringere Metalltoxizitรคt, so dass noch weitere Parameter fรผr das Fehlen der Makrophytenflora verantwortlich sein mรผssen. Allerdings zeigen die Ergebnisse dieser Feldstudie, dass synergistische Hemmung durch die Toxizitรคt mehrerer Metalle eine entscheidende Rolle fรผr die Besiedlung von Gewรคssern durch Wasserpflanzen haben kann.

Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit zeigen, dass sowohl Toxizitรคt als auch Detoxifizierung von Cd in der aquatischen Modellpflanze bei weit geringeren Konzentrationen auftreten, als bisher angenommen.

Fachgebiet (DDC)
570 Biowissenschaften, Biologie
Schlagwรถrter
Konferenz
Rezension
undefined / . - undefined, undefined
Zitieren
ISO 690ANDRESEN, Elisa, 2014. Effects of nanomolar cadmium concentrations on water plants - comparison of biochemical and biophysical mechanisms of toxicity under environmentally relevant conditions [Dissertation]. Konstanz: University of Konstanz
BibTex
@phdthesis{Andresen2014Effec-27113,
  year={2014},
  title={Effects of nanomolar cadmium concentrations on water plants - comparison of biochemical and biophysical mechanisms of toxicity under environmentally relevant conditions},
  author={Andresen, Elisa},
  address={Konstanz},
  school={Universitรคt Konstanz}
}
RDF
<rdf:RDF
    xmlns:dcterms="http://purl.org/dc/terms/"
    xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"
    xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#"
    xmlns:bibo="http://purl.org/ontology/bibo/"
    xmlns:dspace="http://digital-repositories.org/ontologies/dspace/0.1.0#"
    xmlns:foaf="http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/"
    xmlns:void="http://rdfs.org/ns/void#"
    xmlns:xsd="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#" > 
  <rdf:Description rdf:about="https://kops.uni-konstanz.de/server/rdf/resource/123456789/27113">
    <dcterms:issued>2014</dcterms:issued>
    <dcterms:title>Effects of nanomolar cadmium concentrations on water plants - comparison of biochemical and biophysical mechanisms of toxicity under environmentally relevant conditions</dcterms:title>
    <dcterms:isPartOf rdf:resource="https://kops.uni-konstanz.de/server/rdf/resource/123456789/28"/>
    <bibo:uri rdf:resource="http://kops.uni-konstanz.de/handle/123456789/27113"/>
    <dcterms:hasPart rdf:resource="https://kops.uni-konstanz.de/bitstream/123456789/27113/1/Andresen_271135.pdf"/>
    <dc:language>eng</dc:language>
    <dcterms:rights rdf:resource="https://rightsstatements.org/page/InC/1.0/"/>
    <dcterms:abstract xml:lang="en">In this thesis, the effects of the highly toxic heavy metal cadmium (Cd) on the rootless aquatic model plant Ceratophyllum demersum are investigated on the biochemical and biophysical level. The experiments were carried out using environmentally relevant conditions, i.e. light and temperature followed a sinusoidal cycle, a low biomass to water ratio resembled the situation in oligotrophic lakes and a continuous exchange of the defined nutrient solution ensured that metal uptake into the plant was not limited by the nutrient solution, but the capacity of the plant. Above all, Cd concentrations in the nanomolar range were applied and experiments lasted long enough to observe chronic toxicity.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; The toxicity study revealed that the first site of inhibition was the photosynthetic apparatus. The maximal quantum efficiency of photosystem II (PS II) photochemistry in dark adapted state as well as the PS II operating efficiency in actinic light were the first parameters to be reduced. Only afterwards, an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) was observed, indicating that they are the result and not the cause of dysfunctional photosynthesis. For most affected parameters, the respective threshold concentration of inhibition or upregulation due to Cd treatment was 20 nM. This is a much lower concentration than applied in many previous studies. All of the observed effects were more pronounced in plants subjected to Cd stress under high light conditions compared to low light conditions, suggesting a protective role of the comparatively larger antenna system of low light grown plants.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Cadmium treatment led to a redistribution of other metals, especially Zn in the tissue of C. demersum as revealed using the non-invasive technique of micro X ray fluorescence (ยต XRF) on frozen hydrated leaves. At low Cd concentrations, Zn was found mainly in the epidermis and in the mesophyll. At moderately toxic Cd concentration (20 nM), a higher proportion of Zn was found in the mesophyll. At the highest Cd concentrations, Zn was seemingly stuck in the vein, suggesting that the Zn-exporters were blocked by Cd.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; As part of the detoxification process, a changing distribution of Cd with increasing Cd concentrations was observed. No Cd was detected in the plants from the control treatment (no Cd added) and a homogenous distribution of Cd all over the leaf section was revealed at low Cd treatment. However, at moderately toxic and highly toxic Cd concentrations, sequestration of Cd into specific organs and tissues was observed. The process of sequestration, transport and storage of the toxic metal is already known from hyperaccumulator plants. It usually results in metal storage in organs and tissues where it interferes least with the sensitive metabolic processes like photosynthesis and respiration, i.e. the vein and the epidermis. Another detoxification mechanism was induced upon Cd treatment in C. demersum: the metal-chelating ligands phytochelatins (PCs) were detected in extracts from the plants. The induction of different PCs was not proportional to the applied Cd concentration, but occurred in a switch-like manner and specifically for each PC species. The most noticeable increase was PC3 at the threshold concentration of 20 nM Cd.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; A combination of different heavy metals and other factors caused the nearly complete lack of macrophytes in an oligotrophic hard water lake (lake Ammelshain). Within the lake, elevated concentrations of Cd (3 nM), Nickel (300 nM) and reduced Phosphate (75 nM) seemed to be responsible for the lack of aquatic plants and were tested for their inhibitory capability in hard and soft water. While the single treatments with non-toxic concentrations of Cd or slightly toxic concentrations of Ni caused no or only minimal toxicity symptoms in C. demersum, they became highly toxic when applied in combination. This negative effect was even more severe under phosphate-limitation. High concentrations of Calcium and Magnesium in the lake water reduced metal toxicity, indicating additional reasons for the absence of macrophytes in the lake. But regarding other freshwater habitats, these measurements revealed that synergistic metal toxicity may be an important influencing factor for the colonisation of soft waters by water plants.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Altogether, the results from this thesis indicate the onset of Cd toxicity and detoxification in a model water plant at a significantly lower level than shown in previous studies.</dcterms:abstract>
    <void:sparqlEndpoint rdf:resource="http://localhost/fuseki/dspace/sparql"/>
    <dspace:hasBitstream rdf:resource="https://kops.uni-konstanz.de/bitstream/123456789/27113/1/Andresen_271135.pdf"/>
    <dc:contributor>Andresen, Elisa</dc:contributor>
    <dspace:isPartOfCollection rdf:resource="https://kops.uni-konstanz.de/server/rdf/resource/123456789/28"/>
    <foaf:homepage rdf:resource="http://localhost:8080/"/>
    <dc:creator>Andresen, Elisa</dc:creator>
    <dc:date rdf:datatype="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#dateTime">2014-03-20T07:43:06Z</dc:date>
    <dc:rights>terms-of-use</dc:rights>
  </rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF>
Interner Vermerk
xmlui.Submission.submit.DescribeStep.inputForms.label.kops_note_fromSubmitter
Kontakt
URL der Originalverรถffentl.
Prรผfdatum der URL
Prรผfungsdatum der Dissertation
February 21, 2014
Finanzierungsart
Kommentar zur Publikation
Allianzlizenz
Corresponding Authors der Uni Konstanz vorhanden
Internationale Co-Autor:innen
Universitรคtsbibliographie
Ja
Begutachtet
Diese Publikation teilen