@article{Hoger2006Stimu-8391,
  year={2006},
  doi={10.1897/06-051R.1},
  title={Stimulation of reproductive growth in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) following exposure to treated sewage effluent},
  number={10},
  volume={25},
  issn={0730-7268},
  journal={Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry},
  pages={2753--2759},
  author={Höger, Birgit and Taylor, Sean and Hitzfeld, Bettina C. and Dietrich, Daniel R. and Heuvel, Michael R. van den}
}

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    <dcterms:title>Stimulation of reproductive growth in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) following exposure to treated sewage effluent</dcterms:title>
    <dc:contributor>Hitzfeld, Bettina C.</dc:contributor>
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    <dc:creator>Heuvel, Michael R. van den</dc:creator>
    <dc:creator>Dietrich, Daniel R.</dc:creator>
    <dc:creator>Taylor, Sean</dc:creator>
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    <dc:contributor>Heuvel, Michael R. van den</dc:contributor>
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    <dc:contributor>Dietrich, Daniel R.</dc:contributor>
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    <dcterms:bibliographicCitation>First publ. in: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 25 (2006), 10, pp. 2753-2759</dcterms:bibliographicCitation>
    <dc:contributor>Taylor, Sean</dc:contributor>
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    <dcterms:abstract xml:lang="eng">Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were exposed to 1.5 and 15% v/v secondary treated sewage effluent for 32 weeks in flow-through mesocosms. The exposure encompassed the full period of reproductive development for rainbow trout. Trout did not show any evidence of a dose-dependent change in growth. Fish exposed to 15% effluent were the only group to show mortality (5%) over the duration of the experiment. Trout at the highest effluent concentration had significantly higher liver size than reference water fish. Both male and female trout in the 15% exposure group also exhibited significantly higher gonad weight than the reference group. In female trout, this gonad size increase could be explained by higher egg numbers. Female and male trout both displayed a significant increase in plasma 17β-estradiol levels after exposure to 15% effluent, while neither sex had dose-dependent differences in plasma testosterone. Male trout displayed elevated vitellogenin levels and reduced plasma 11-ketotestosterone concentration after exposure to 15% effluent. Chemical examination of steroidal compounds, including both estrogens and androgens, in the wastewater revealed that only estrone was detectable at a mean concentration of 4.5 ng/L. It is assumed that the effects observed in trout exposed to 15% effluent were consistent with stimulation of reproductive development due to very low levels of estrogens. Overall, long-term exposure to treated sewage effluent containing low levels of estrogen did not have significant negative implications for reproductive development in rainbow trout.</dcterms:abstract>
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