Universität zu Köln

Van Berkel, Laura, Molina, Ludwin E. and Mukherjee, Sahana (2017). Gender Asymmetry in the Construction of American National Identity. Psychol. Women Q., 41 (3). S. 352 - 368. LONDON: SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD. ISSN 1471-6402

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Abstract

Dominant groups (e.g., White U.S. citizens) are more associated with American identity and they feel greater ownership over American national identity compared to ethnic minority groups. We extended this perception to gender and tested whether American national identity is constructed in masculine, versus feminine, terms. We examined whether U.S. men feel greater symbolic ownership over the nation and represent what it means to be a prototypical American, more than U.S. women. In Study 1, men and women considered male-associated traits more American than female-associated traits and listed more men as examples of true Americans than women. In Study 2, men reported higher levels of nationalism than women. Women's nationalism was moderated by their conception of male-associated traits as Americanwomen who viewed American identity as more masculine were less nationalistic. Men showed a stronger correlation between gender identity and American identity compared to women. However, correlations between gender identity and nationalism did not differ by participant gender. Results suggest men and masculinity are considered more American than are women and femininity. We provide support for the subgroup asymmetry hypothesis through the novel lens of gender. We discuss means of attenuating the gendered construction of national identity in terms of media, policy, and education. Additional online materials for this article, including study materials, a podcast interview with the author, and slides for instructors who want to use this article for teaching, are available on PWQ's website at http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/suppl/10.1177/0361684317707710

Item Type:	Journal Article
Creators:	Creators Email ORCID ORCID Put Code Van Berkel, Laura UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Molina, Ludwin E. UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Mukherjee, Sahana UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED
URN:	urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-221209
DOI:	10.1177/0361684317707710
Journal or Publication Title:	Psychol. Women Q.
Volume:	41
Number:	3
Page Range:	S. 352 - 368
Date:	2017
Publisher:	SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD
Place of Publication:	LONDON
ISSN:	1471-6402
Language:	English
Faculty:	Unspecified
Divisions:	Unspecified
Subjects:	no entry
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Keywords Language ETHNIC-MINORITY; SELF-ESTEEM; WOMEN; STEREOTYPES; ATTITUDES; MEN; MASCULINITY; DISCRIMINATION; CITIZENSHIP; COMPETENCE Multiple languages Psychology, Multidisciplinary; Women's Studies Multiple languages
Refereed:	Yes
URI:	http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/22120