Universität zu Köln

Kramer, Carsten, Nikola, Thomas, Anderl, Sibylle, Bertoldi, Frank, Boquien, Mederic ORCID: 0000-0003-0946-6176, Braine, Jonathan, Buchbender, Christof, Combes, Francoise, Henkel, Christian, Hermelo, Israel, Israel, Frank, Relano, Monica, Rollig, Markus, Schuster, Karl, Tabatabaei, Fatemeh, van der Tak, Floris, Verley, Simon, van der Werf, Paul, Wiedner, Martina and Xilouris, Emmanuel M. (2020). Gas and dust cooling along the major axis of M 33 (HerM33es) Herschel/PACS [C-II] and [O-I] observations. Astron. Astrophys., 639. LES ULIS CEDEX A: EDP SCIENCES S A. ISSN 1432-0746

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Abstract

Context. M 33 is a gas rich spiral galaxy of the Local Group. Its vicinity allows us to study its interstellar medium (ISM) on linear scales corresponding to the sizes of individual giant molecular clouds. Aims. We investigate the relationship between the two major gas cooling lines and the total infrared (TIR) dust continuum. Methods. We mapped the emission of gas and dust in M 33 using the far-infrared lines of [CII] and [OI](63 mu m) and the total infrared continuum. The line maps were observed with the PACS spectrometer on board the Herschel Space Observatory. These maps have 50 pc resolution and form a similar to 370 pc wide stripe along its major axis covering the sites of bright HII regions, but also more quiescent arm and inter-arm regions from the southern arm at 2 kpc galacto-centric distance to the south out to 5.7 kpc distance to the north. Full-galaxy maps of the continuum emission at 24 mu m from Spitzer/MIPS, and at 70 mu m, 100 mu m, and 160 mu m from Herschel/PACS were combined to obtain a map of the TIR. Results. TIR and [CII] intensities are correlated over more than two orders of magnitude. The range of TIR translates to a range of far ultraviolet (FUV) emission of G(0, obs)similar to 2 to 200 in units of the average Galactic radiation field. The binned [CII]/TIR ratio drops with rising TIR, with large, but decreasing scatter. The contribution of the cold neutral medium to the [CII] emission, as estimated from VLA HI data, is on average only 10%. Fits of modified black bodies to the continuum emission were used to estimate dust mass surface densities and total gas column densities. A correction for possible foreground absorption by cold gas was applied to the [OI] data before comparing it with models of photon dominated regions. Most of the ratios of [CII]/[OI] and ([CII]+[OI])/TIR are consistent with two model solutions. The median ratios are consistent with one solution at n similar to 2x10(2) cm(-3), G(0)similar to 60, and a second low-FUV solution at n similar to 10(4) cm(-3), G(0)similar to 1.5. Conclusions. The bulk of the gas along the lines-of-sight is represented by a low-density, high-FUV phase with low beam filling factors similar to 1. A fraction of the gas may, however, be represented by the second solution.

Item Type:	Journal Article
Creators:	Creators Email ORCID ORCID Put Code Kramer, Carsten UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Nikola, Thomas UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Anderl, Sibylle UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Bertoldi, Frank UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Boquien, Mederic UNSPECIFIED orcid.org/0000-0003-0946-6176 UNSPECIFIED Braine, Jonathan UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Buchbender, Christof UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Combes, Francoise UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Henkel, Christian UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Hermelo, Israel UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Israel, Frank UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Relano, Monica UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Rollig, Markus UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Schuster, Karl UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Tabatabaei, Fatemeh UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED van der Tak, Floris UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Verley, Simon UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED van der Werf, Paul UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Wiedner, Martina UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED Xilouris, Emmanuel M. UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED UNSPECIFIED
URN:	urn:nbn:de:hbz:38-326818
DOI:	10.1051/0004-6361/201936754
Journal or Publication Title:	Astron. Astrophys.
Volume:	639
Date:	2020
Publisher:	EDP SCIENCES S A
Place of Publication:	LES ULIS CEDEX A
ISSN:	1432-0746
Language:	English
Faculty:	Unspecified
Divisions:	Unspecified
Subjects:	no entry
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Keywords Language FAR-INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY; STAR-FORMING REGIONS; EMISSION; GALAXIES; LINE; ABSORPTION; SPITZER; CLOUDS; MODEL Multiple languages Astronomy & Astrophysics Multiple languages
URI:	http://kups.ub.uni-koeln.de/id/eprint/32681