Leta Dufera, Gerba: The Ethiopian Agricultural Extension System and Its Role as a Development Actor : Cases from Southwestern Ethiopia. - Bonn, 2018. - Dissertation, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn.
Online-Ausgabe in bonndoc: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5n-51766
@phdthesis{handle:20.500.11811/7359,
urn: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5n-51766,
author = {{Gerba Leta Dufera}},
title = {The Ethiopian Agricultural Extension System and Its Role as a Development Actor : Cases from Southwestern Ethiopia},
school = {Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn},
year = 2018,
month = aug,

note = {Smallholder agriculture forms the backbone of the Ethiopian economy, supporting the majority of the country's population. Since the late 1960s, the state has been actively pursuing agricultural extension as a key means of agricultural and rural development as well as economic transformation. Over the years, the state has introduced several reforms to update and validate its agricultural extension agenda. However, despite reforms, the effectiveness of the extension service in promoting technology transfer and enhancing its adoption has remained low. Top-down planning and poor technology transfer have been identified as the main bottlenecks. In 2010, as part of its recent reform process, the Ministry of Agriculture has adopted the participatory extension system, which is characterized by the formation of farmer groups. Development agents and model farmers are key actors in the implementation of the participatory extension system. The kebele administration oversees the implementation at the local level. However, kebeles are weakly institutionalized with poor capacity; hence, their duties are often transferred to the development agents. Despite the steadily increasing number of development agents, most are insufficiently trained and involved in multiple activities, which diminishes their effectiveness in providing agricultural services and earning the farmers' trust. Attempts have been made to provide group extension services through public mobilization; however, community involvement is achieved through persuasion and pressure, which can lead to adverse effects on their participation. This study examines the participatory extension system by focusing on the concept of governance, participation and evolution of agricultural extension. Its main purpose is to analyze and describe the Ethiopian agricultural extension system and understand its opportunities and challenges as a development actor. The study draws on field research carried out in 2015 and 2016, using a mixed methods approach, secondary data, and literature reviews. Data were documented, coded and analyzed using ATLAS.ti and SPSS. The findings of the study show that the Ethiopian state has invested considerable resources in maintaining a strong agricultural extension system. Over the years, the state has developed and issued a series of agricultural policies and strategies to nurture service provision and promote rural development. However, the strategies are typically not well communicated to the actors and end users. The implementation of the participatory extension system is also inconsistent, showing limited impact and sustainability across study sites. Overall, agricultural extension is constrained by multiple challenges. These include high input and low output prices, knowledge and skill gaps among development agents and model farmers, non-inclusive extension services system, ambitious top-down allocation of plans, and actors' involvement in non-extension activities. These limit farmers' participation in technology adoption and upscaling and weaken the efficiency of both the development agents and the model farmers. As a result, the majority of the farmers resort to social learning and local network for interactions and for acquiring knowledge. This analysis indicates that along with the public, involving the private and non-governmental organizations extension services may allow other actors to be involved in the extension services and help address the prevailing gaps of inadequate capacity and skills, shortage of inputs such as improved seeds, and price escalation. Understanding strengths, limitations and reform options of the current system through the lens of Evolutionary Governance Theory, can also enable top actors/planners to formulate better policies and strategies. Introducing pro-poor strategies is vital to involve the disadvantaged groups of the society. Promoting real farmer participation and a paradigm shift in focus—from targeting spatial coverage to effective outcomes—are essential for the agricultural extension system to succeed. Realistic decentralization can nurture and promote real participation and allow farmers to develop a sense of ownership toward the initiatives and its benefits. Finally, exempting development agents and model farmers' involvement in non-extension activities, while improving their skill sets, is vital for improving the agricultural extension service system in Ethiopia.},
url = {https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11811/7359}
}

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