Fülle, Lorenz Marc Michael: Functional roles of the chemokine CCL17 in skin and brain immunity. - Bonn, 2019. - Dissertation, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn.
Online-Ausgabe in bonndoc: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5n-53249
@phdthesis{handle:20.500.11811/7847,
urn: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hbz:5n-53249,
author = {{Lorenz Marc Michael Fülle}},
title = {Functional roles of the chemokine CCL17 in skin and brain immunity},
school = {Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn},
year = 2019,
month = feb,

note = {The chemokines CCL17 and CCL22 represent ligands of CCR4 and are mainly produced by dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages (Mφs) in the immune system. CCL17 was found to promote various inflammatory and allergic diseases, whereas CCL22 has more often been associated with an immunosuppressive environment. These differential functions are reflected by preferential recruitment of distinct subsets of immune cells to sites of inflammation. Whereas CCL17 induces chemotaxis of effector T cells and facilitates T cell-DC interactions, CCL22 appears to be involved in the recruitment of regulatory T cells. In addition, CCL22 induces a more rapid desensitization and internalization of CCR4 than CCL17, implying biased agonism of CCL17 and CCL22.
In this thesis, newly generated CCL17/22-double-deficient (CCL17E/E/22-/-) mice were used to further explore the differential function of CCL17 and CCL22. In agreement with previous reports in the literature, CCR4-deficient mice displayed an exaggerated contact hypersensitivity (CHS) response. In contrast, CCL17E/E/22-/- and CCL17-single deficient (CCL17E/E) mice were protected from CHS. Thus, the opposing phenotypes of CCR4KO- versus CCL17E/E mice cannot be explained by residual CCL22 signaling in CCL17E/E mice. Furthermore, intravital microscopy (IVM) and flow cytometry were performed to characterize CCL17+ cells in the skin of CCL17-EGFP reporter (CCL17E/+) mice in a wild-type (WT) and GM-CSF-deficient background. Whereas expression of CCL17 in skin DCs was GM-CSF-dependent, transcription of CCL17 in skin Mφs occurred independently of GM-CSF. In line, two distinct CCL17+ cell types could be identified in the skin by IVM as judged by their motility: a population of sessile CCL17+ cells in close proximity to dermal blood vessels, presumably representing perivascular Mφs, and a migratory cell population resembling DCs in the interstitium.
To develop novel strategies for treatment of contact allergy, two RNA aptamers were validated in vitro and in vivo for their capability to neutralize CCL17. The two aptamers effectively inhibited the directed migration of the CCR4+ lymphoma line BW5147.3 towards CCL17 in a dose-dependent manner. In the CHS model, systemic application of either one of the aptamers significantly prevented the ear swelling response and reduced T cell infiltration into the ears. These experiments provide proof-of-principle that CCL17-specific aptamers may potentially be used therapeutically in humans to treat allergies and perhaps other inflammatory diseases.
In the second part of the thesis, the expression and function of CCL17 in the murine brain was investigated. CCL17/EGFP+ neurons were primarily detected in in a subset of hippocampal CA1 neurons, whereas only few cortical neurons stained positive for CCL17/EGFP. The basal Ccl17 expression in hippocampal neurons strongly increased by peripheral challenge with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in a tumor necrosis factor (TNF) dependent manner. In addition, Ccl22 was also detected in the hippocampus, but its LPS-dependent upregulation required GM-CSF. Analysis of brains from CCL17E/E mice revealed a diminished microglia density in the hippocampus under homeostatic and inflammatory conditions. A combination of confocal microscopy and computer-assisted morphological analyses demonstrated that microglia from naïve CCL17E/E mice displayed a reduced cellular volume and a more polarized process tree compared to WT controls. Furthermore, overall branching, cell surface area and total tree length of microglia from naïve CCL17E/E mice were similar to that of microglia from LPS-treated WT mice. In addition, electrophysiological recordings of acute slices from naïve WT and CCL17E/E mice indicated a downmodulation of basal synaptic transmission at CA3-CA1 Schaffer collaterals through CCL17. In conclusion, the work presented in this thesis identifies CCL17 as a homeostatic and inducible neuromodulatory chemokine which affects the abundance and morphologic appearance of microglia as well as synaptic transmission in the hippocampus.},

url = {https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11811/7847}
}

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