@article{Alepee2014State-30053,
  year={2014},
  doi={10.14573/altex1406111},
  title={State-of-the-art of 3D cultures (organs-on-a-chip) in safety testing and pathophysiology},
  number={4},
  volume={31},
  issn={1868-596X},
  journal={Alternatives to Animal Experimentation : ALTEX},
  pages={441--477},
  author={Alepee, Natalie and Bahinski, Tony and Daneshian, Mardas and De Wever, Bart and Fritsche, Ellen and Goldberg, Alan and Hansmann, Jan and Hartung, Thomas and Haycock, John and Hogberg, Helena and Hoelting, Lisa and Kelm, Jens M and Kadereit, Suzanne and McVey, Emily and Landsiedel, Robert and Leist, Marcel and Lubberstedt, Marc and Noor, Fozia and Pellevoisin, Christian and Petersohn, Dirk and Pfannenbecker, Uwe and Reisinger, Kerstin and Ramirez, Tzutzuy and Rothen-Rutishauser, Barbara and Schafer-Korting, Monika and Zeilinger, Katrin and Zurich, Marie-Gabriele}
}

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    <dc:contributor>Hogberg, Helena</dc:contributor>
    <dc:contributor>Zurich, Marie-Gabriele</dc:contributor>
    <dc:contributor>Alepee, Natalie</dc:contributor>
    <dcterms:abstract xml:lang="eng">Integrated approaches using different in vitro methods in combination with bioinformatics can (i) increase the success rate and speed of drug development; (ii) improve the accuracy of toxicological risk assessment; and (iii) increase our understanding of disease. An important building block of this strategy that has emerged during the last years are threedimensional (3D) cell culture models. The majority of these models are organotypic, i.e., they aim to reproduce major functions of an organ or organ system. This implies in many cases that more than one cell type forms the 3D structure, and often matrix elements play an important role. This review summarizes the state of the art concerning commonalities of the different models. For instance, the theory of mass transport/metabolite exchange in 3D systems and the special analytical requirements for test endpoints in organotypic cultures are discussed in detail. In the next part, 3D model systems for selected organs - liver, lung, skin, brain - are presented and characterized in dedicated chapters. Also, 3D approaches to the modeling of tumors are presented and discussed. All chapters give a historical background, illustrate the large variety of approaches, and highlight up-and downsides, as well as specific requirements. Moreover, they refer to the application in disease modeling, drug discovery and safety assessment. Finally, consensus recommendations indicate a roadmap for the successful implementation of 3D models in routine screening. It is expected that the use of such models will accelerate progress by reducing error rates and wrong predictions from compound testing.</dcterms:abstract>
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    <dc:creator>Alepee, Natalie</dc:creator>
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    <dc:creator>Leist, Marcel</dc:creator>
    <dc:contributor>Leist, Marcel</dc:contributor>
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    <dc:contributor>Fritsche, Ellen</dc:contributor>
    <dc:creator>Landsiedel, Robert</dc:creator>
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    <dc:creator>Daneshian, Mardas</dc:creator>
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    <dc:contributor>Reisinger, Kerstin</dc:contributor>
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    <dc:creator>Zeilinger, Katrin</dc:creator>
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    <dc:contributor>Pfannenbecker, Uwe</dc:contributor>
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    <dcterms:title>State-of-the-art of 3D cultures (organs-on-a-chip) in safety testing and pathophysiology</dcterms:title>
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    <dc:contributor>Goldberg, Alan</dc:contributor>
    <dc:creator>Hartung, Thomas</dc:creator>
    <dc:creator>Bahinski, Tony</dc:creator>
    <dc:contributor>Ramirez, Tzutzuy</dc:contributor>
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    <dc:creator>Kelm, Jens M</dc:creator>
    <dc:contributor>Hoelting, Lisa</dc:contributor>
    <dc:contributor>Pellevoisin, Christian</dc:contributor>
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    <dc:creator>Ramirez, Tzutzuy</dc:creator>
    <dcterms:issued>2014</dcterms:issued>
    <dc:creator>Hansmann, Jan</dc:creator>
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