@phdthesis{Schumann2021Suspe-56928,
  year={2021},
  title={Suspended Solids in Salmonid Aquaculture : Extended Insights and New Approaches for Control},
  author={Schumann, Mark},
  address={Konstanz},
  school={Universität Konstanz}
}

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    <dcterms:abstract xml:lang="eng">Suspended solids have long been identified as one main issue in salmonid aquaculture. The irreversible development towards intensive land-based production systems is only one reason why solids in aquaculture will remain in focus in the future as well. For the second chapter, a comprehensive literature review on suspended solids in salmonid aquaculture was carried out in order to gain insight into main sources of solids in salmonid aquaculture and recent findings of its impact on fish health and other potential risk areas like system stability. Furthermore, data were collected to overview the extent and urgency of the issue of suspended solid load in existing aquaculture systems of different types. The findings demonstrated that generation and dynamics of suspended solids are not a straightforward issue: All in all, the concentrations reported in literature stayed below the long-standing recommendations. In RAS, slightly higher mean TSS values were observed compared to flow-through systems while semi-RAS unexpectedly showed lowest values. However, a general correlation between production intensity expressed by stocking density and solid load in RAS could not be established on the existing data base. Though the general solid output per unit of feed decreased sharply in the last decades to about one third of previous level, there are large ranges of values reported in system water of RAS confirming that solid removal and hence the resultant levels are additionally affected by many other factors. One key factor identified is faecal consistency which mainly depends on feed composition and can be positively influenced by the dietary addition of stabilizing components like polysaccharide binders, but also other factors like type of biofilter are in focus. Recent findings of the effects on particle size distribution and solid treatment efficiencies are presented and intensively discussed in the manuscript. The role of faecal density as another principle factor for the treatment efficiency in aquaculture is also described and discussed in detail. In the third chapter, an in vitro model of salmonid chyme was employed to detect differences in feed composition already on the feed level. Different feeds supplemented with minor concentrations of various binders or binder combinations were produced and prepared in order to mimic Summary gastric moisture conditions. Rheological measurements were performed to characterize the in vitro chyme and to compare effects of alternative and new binder combinations. Even low levels of additives led to clearly detectable and predictable differences of the model chyme. In the fourth chapter, a novel approach of solid removal by floating faeces was transferred to a low water exchange RAS. A commercially available diet for rainbow trout resulting in faeces in the upper recorded density range was used as the control. The addition of 2.5 % of cork granules to the control diet resulted in densities below one like of water, producing stable and consistently floating faecal casts. Mechanical removal efficiency of cork-treated wastes was more than four times greater than that achieved in the control. When the biofilters reached their capacity towards the final phase of the study, TAN and nitrite removal efficiency benefitted by the rapid solid removal of the cork-treated system compared to the system fed the control diet. A minimal feed-mediated density modification of rainbow trout faeces improved nearly all relevant water quality parameters investigated, with promising implications for the future of modern closed fish farming.</dcterms:abstract>
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