The use of pluripotent cells in developmental toxicity testing

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2005
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Titel in einer weiteren Sprache
The Use of Pluripotent Cells in Developmental Toxicity Testing
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Zusammenfassung

The development of new in vitro tests is urgently required due to the new chemical policy of the European Union, which requests toxicological risk assessment for about 30.000 chemicals. One of the needs for this risk assessment are high throughput test systems that provide data for the classification of chemicals with regard to their developmental toxicological potential.
Pluripotent cell lines offer an excellent tool for monitoring early embryonic development and thus, the interaction of chemicals during this process in vitro. These cell lines are able to differentiate into derivatives of all three germ layers. Therefore, also effects of chemicals on specific target tissues can be detected using these types of cells. In this study the different potentials of three different pluripotent cell lines: murine embryonic teratocarcinoma cells (P19); murine embryonic stem cells (D3); and human embryonic stem cells (H1) were compared.
Accordingly, a new in vitro test system based on transgenic mTert_GFP/P19 cells was developed in order to detect differentiation inducing potentials of chemicals. The known in vivo ranking of the three employed retinoids: all-trans retinoic acid, 9-cis retinoic acid and 13-cis retinoic acid was confirmed using the mTert_GFP expression as an endpoint. Furthermore, it was shown that this new endpoint was up to 28 times more sensitive than the cytotoxicity test for differentiation inducing substances.
In addition, threshold concentrations for the use of the solvents DMSO and ethanol were determined for their application in developmental toxicity testing. Especially, the effects of these substances on the differentiation of embryonic stem cells were explored. Unexpectedly, the concentrations used in the EST were already affecting differentiation on a molecular level in the mES cells. It was shown that mES cells could pick up differentiation inducing as well as inhibiting effects using the marker genes mTert and Oct-4 while the transgenic P19 cells are better suited to pick up differentiation inducing substances.
Additionally, the possibility of adapting the murine EST to hES cells was explored. Therefore, a cytotoxicity test based on hES cells and the adult fibroblast cell line MRC-5 was established using the two well-known embryotoxic compounds 5-FU and RA. It was shown that the human system was able to reproduce the previously obtained results from the mouse system for these two chemicals. In addition, the expression of marker genes, which are involved in early and cardiac differentiation, were analysed. Among the early differentiation markers, the genes Oct-4, hTert and Dusp6 showed significant differences in comparison to the undifferentiated cells of day 0. Although an optimum medium composition for the induction of the mesoderm layer formation was determined, the yield of beating cardiomyocytes was overall very poor. Therefore, different marker genes involved in the cardiac differentiation were tested for their suitability as endpoints. Among all marker genes only the mesodermal marker gene Brachyury, the cardiac precursor marker GATA-4 and the late cardiac marker TNNT2 produced significant results until day 18.
Overall, all cell lines showed advantages and disadvantages. P19 cells are well suited for the detection of differentiation inducing substances. Nonetheless, the relevance of results obtained from cancer derived cells is questionable. This problem does not arise with the use of embryonic stem cells. Murine ES cells have the advantage that they are very well explored and culture conditions are well standardised. However, these cells originate from mouse and therefore, some human embryotoxicants might not be detected by such a test method. For this reason, human embryonic stem cells seem to be best suited for developmental toxicity testing. Employing these cells, the problem of inter-species differences can be overcome and extrapolations from one species to the other become unnecessary. Nonetheless, test methods based on hES cells are difficult to standardise and high variances are typical.
However, only a combination of tests will be able to pick up the whole range of possible interactions of chemicals during human development. Therefore, the advantages of different cell lines could be combined in a testing strategy consisting of different specific tests arranged in a hierarchical order. Despite the problems in standardising test methods based on hES cells, we could show in this study that these cells have the potential to provide an excellent tool for toxicological testing.

Zusammenfassung in einer weiteren Sprache

Die neue Chemikalienpolitik der Europäischen Union, die toxikologische Risikoberwertungen für ca. 30.000 Chemikalien vorsieht, macht die Entwicklung neuer in vitro Testsysteme erforderlich. Besonders high-throughput Testsysteme zur Klassifizierung von Chemikalien mit Bezug auf deren entwicklungstoxikologischen Eigenschaften warden benötigt.
Pluripotente Zellinien stellen eine vielversprechende Methode dar, Effekte von Chemikalien in früher embryonaler Entwicklung in vitro zu detektieren. Diese Zellinien sind in der Lage, in Gewebe aus allen drei Keimblättern zu differenzieren. Das macht es möglich, mit Hilfe dieser Zellen, Effekte von Chemikalien auf spezifische Gewebetypen zu analysieren. In dieser Studie wurden die Eigenschaften von drei pluripotenten Zellinien: murine embryonale Teratokarzinom Zellen (P19), murine embryonale Stammzellen (D3) und humane embryonale Stammzellen (H1) untersucht und verglichen.
Dafür wurde ein neues auf transgenen mTert_GFP/P19 Zellen basierendes Testsystem entwickelt, um differenzierungsinduzierende Eigenschaften von Chemikalien zu detektieren. Die bekannte in vivo Rangliste der drei Retinoide: all-trans Retinoin Säure, 9-cis Retinoin Säure und 13-cis Retinoin Säure konnte anhand der mTert_GFP Expression bestätigt werden. Darüber hinaus konnte gezeigt werden, dass dieser neue Endpunkt für differenzierungsinduzierende Substanzen bis zu 28 mal sensitiver ist als der konventionelle Zytotoxizitätstest.
Zusätzlich wurden Grenzkonzentrationen für die Anwendung der Lösungsmittel DMSO und Ethanol in entwicklungstoxikologischen Testsystemen bestimmt, wobei speziell Effekte auf die Differenzierung von embryonalen Stammzellen untersucht wurden. Unerwarteterweise beeinflussten die im EST verwendeten Konzentrationen dieser Lösungsmittel die Differenzierung der mES Zellen auf molekularer Ebene. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass mit Hilfe von mES Zellen differenzierungsinduzierende sowie inhibierende Effekte anhand der Markergene mTert und Oct-4 detektiert werden können, während transgene P19 Zellen besser geeignet sind, differenzierungsinduzierende Effekte nachzuweisen.
Zusätzlich wurden die Möglichkeiten, den EST an humane Stammzellen anzupassen, untersucht. Dafür wurde ein Zytotoxizitätstest basierend auf hES Zellen und humanen adulten Fibroblasten (MRC-5) mit Hilfe von zwei bekannten embryotoxikologischen Substanzen 5-FU und RA etabliert. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass das humane System in der Lage war, die aus dem murinen System bekannten Ergebnisse für die zwei getesteten Chemikalien zu reproduzieren. Desweiteren wurde die Expression von Markergenen analysiert, welche in frühe und Kardiodifferenzierung von hES Zellen involviert sind. Unter den frühen Differenzierungsmarkern zeigten die Gene Oct-4, hTert und Dusp6 signifikante Unterschiede zur undifferenzierten Kontrolle.
Obwohl die optimale Kulturmediumkomposition für die Induktion des mesodermen Keimblattes bestimmt wurde, war die Ausbeute an kontrahierenden Kardiomyozyten insgesamt sehr gering. Aus diesem Grund wurden verschiedene kardiospezifische Markergene auf ihre Eignung als mögliche Endpunkte getestet. Unter den getesteten Markergenen führten Brachyury als mesodermaler Marker, GATA-4 als Markergen für frühe Kardiovorläuferzellen und der späte Kardiomarker TNNT2 zu signifikanten Resultaten bis Tag 18.
Insgesamt zeigten alle getesteten Zellinien Vorteile und Nachteile. P19 Zellen sind gut geeignet, differerenzierungsinduzierenden Substanzen zu detektieren. Dennoch bleibt die Relevanz von Ergebnissen, die von Karzinomzellen resultieren, fragwürdig. Dieses Problem tritt nicht auf wenn embryonale Stammzellen eingesetzt werden. Murine embryonale Stammzellen haben den Vorteil, dass sie gut untersucht und ihre Kulturbedingungen sehr standardisiert sind. Da diese Zellen jedoch murinen Ursprungs sind, können einige humane embryotoxische Substanzen nicht von ihnen detektiert werden. Aus diesem Grund scheinen humane embryonale Stammzellen am besten für entwicklungstoxikologische Methoden geeignet zu sein. Zusätzlich kann durch den Einsatz humaner embryonaler Stammzellen das Problem von inter-spezies Differenzen umgangen werden, und Extrapolationen von einer Spezies zur anderen werden daher überflüssig. Dennoch sind auf hES Zellen basierende Testmethoden schwierig zu standardisieren und hohe Streuungen sind häufig.
Nur eine Kombination von verschiedenen Testmethoden wird in der Lage sein, alle möglichen Interaktionen von Chemikalien während der humanen Entwicklung zu erkennen. Daher könnten die Vorteile von verschiedenen Zellinien in einer Teststrategie kombiniert werden, welche aus mehreren spezifischen Testmethoden in hierarchischer Anordnung bestehen sollte. Obwohl die Standardisierung von Testmethoden, die auf hES zellen basieren, problematisch ist, konnte in dieser Studie gezeigt werden, dass diese Zellen ein vielversprechendes Werkzeug für toxikologische Testmethoden darstellen können.

Fachgebiet (DDC)
570 Biowissenschaften, Biologie
Schlagwörter
Teratokarzinomzelle, Alternativmethode, stem cells, alternative methods, developmental toxicology, teratocarcinoma cells
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Zitieren
ISO 690ADLER, Sarah, 2005. The use of pluripotent cells in developmental toxicity testing [Dissertation]. Konstanz: University of Konstanz
BibTex
@phdthesis{Adler2005pluri-7319,
  year={2005},
  title={The use of pluripotent cells in developmental toxicity testing},
  author={Adler, Sarah},
  note={Adler S., Paparella M., Pellizzer C., Hartung T. and Bremer S. (2005) The Detection of Differentiation-inducing Chemicals by using Green Fluorescent Protein expression in Genetically Engineered Teratocarcinoma Cells. Alternatives to laboratory animals: Altern Lab Anim 33, 1-13.},
  address={Konstanz},
  school={Universität Konstanz}
}
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Adler S., Paparella M., Pellizzer C., Hartung T. and Bremer S. (2005) The Detection of Differentiation-inducing Chemicals by using Green Fluorescent Protein expression in Genetically Engineered Teratocarcinoma Cells. Alternatives to laboratory animals: Altern Lab Anim 33, 1-13.
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